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Review
. 2023 Jan 20:14:1082625.
doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1082625. eCollection 2023.

The factors affecting neurogenesis after stroke and the role of acupuncture

Jie-Dan Mu  1 , Liang-Xiao Ma  1   2 , Zhou Zhang  1 , Xu Qian  1 , Qin-Yong Zhang  1 , Ling-Hui Ma  1 , Tian-Yi Sun  1
Affiliations
Review

The factors affecting neurogenesis after stroke and the role of acupuncture

Jie-Dan Mu et al. Front Neurol. .

Abstract

Stroke induces a state of neuroplasticity in the central nervous system, which can lead to neurogenesis phenomena such as axonal growth and synapse formation, thus affecting stroke outcomes. The brain has a limited ability to repair ischemic damage and requires a favorable microenvironment. Acupuncture is considered a feasible and effective neural regulation strategy to improve functional recovery following stroke via the benign modulation of neuroplasticity. Therefore, we summarized the current research progress on the key factors and signaling pathways affecting neurogenesis, and we also briefly reviewed the research progress of acupuncture to improve functional recovery after stroke by promoting neurogenesis. This study aims to provide new therapeutic perspectives and strategies for the recovery of motor function after stroke based on neurogenesis.

Keywords: NGF; Rho A; acupuncture; axon growth; neurogenesis; slit; stroke.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The enhancing factors of neurogenesis and their major downstream signaling pathways. After the cerebral ischemic injury, multiple growth factors (NGF, BDNF, NT3/4, and GDNF), other growth proteins (GAP-43 and IGF-1), and miRNAs could promote neurogenesis. Their downstream signaling cascades, mainly include PLC-γ/PKC, PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Inhibiting factors of neurogenesis and their major downstream signaling pathways. After an ischemic stroke, various growth inhibitory molecules (Nogo-A, MAG, OMgp, and CSPG) from myelin and reactive astrocytes interact with various receptors, such as PirB, NgR1/2, LINGO, p75NTR, PTPσ, and TROY, to signal through a convergent downstream pathway within the axon, leading to collapse of growth cones and inhibition of axonal growth.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Axon guidance cues and their receptors. The growth cones at the axon tip are sensitive to repulsive and attractive guidance cues in their environment. The complex integration of these repulsive and attractive signals directs axons to their proper targets.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The effect of acupuncture on neurogenesis impact factors. (A) Shows enhancers for neurogenesis, (B) illustrates guidance cues, and (C) shows inhibitors. According to the currently limited studies, acupuncture promotes neurogenesis and functional recovery after stroke by upregulating some of the enhancing factors of neurogenesis and downregulating the inhibiting factors that affect neurogenesis. The green up arrow represents up-regulation, and the red down arrow represents down-regulation.
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