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Review
. 2023 Jan 20:14:1084896.
doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1084896. eCollection 2023.

Association between growth differentiation factor 15 levels and gestational diabetes mellitus: A combined analysis

Yi-Cheng Lu  1   2 , Song-Liang Liu  1 , Yu-Shan Zhang  2 , Fei Liang  2 , Xiao-Yan Zhu  3   4 , Yue Xiao  2 , Jing Wang  2 , Cong Ding  2 , Sudipta Banerjee  5 , Jie-Yun Yin  2 , Qiu-Ping Ma  1
Affiliations
Review

Association between growth differentiation factor 15 levels and gestational diabetes mellitus: A combined analysis

Yi-Cheng Lu et al. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). .

Abstract

Objective: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common glucose metabolism disease occurs in pregnancy that affects both maternal and neonatal health. Recently, increasing studies have attached importance to the relationship between growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) and GDM, but the results were inconclusive. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to examine the association between GDF-15 and GDM.

Materials and methods: A systematical search was performed in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), PubMed and Google Scholar till Oct 27, 2022. We first calculated the mean and standard deviation of GDF-15 expression levels from the included eligible datasets and articles. Then, a meta-analysis was conducted to depict the difference in GDF-15 mRNA or GDF-15 protein expression between case and control groups by using conservative random effect model. Moreover, the potential publication bias was checked with the aid of Begg's test and Egger's test. Finally, sensitivity analyses were performed by changing the inclusion criteria.

Results: In summary, 12 GEO datasets and 5 articles were enrolled in our study, including 789 GDM patients and 1202 non-GDM pregnant women. It was found that the expression levels of GDF-15 mRNA and GDF-15 protein in late pregnancy were significantly higher in GDM patients compared with non-GDM pregnant women, with the standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 0.48 (0.14, 0.83) and 0.82 (0.32-1.33), respectively. Meanwhile, a slightly weakened association between GDF-15 protein levels and GDM was also observed in the middle pregnancy, with SMD (95% CI) of 0.53 (0.04-1.02).

Conclusion: In all, our results suggested that the expression levels of GDF-15 were significantly higher in GDM patients compared with non-GDM pregnant women, especially in the late pregnancy.

Keywords: diabetes; gestational diabetes mellitus; growth differentiation factor 15; macrophage inhibiting cytokine-1; meta-analysis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram for literature selection.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Difference of GDF-15 mRNA expression between GDM patients and non-GDM pregnant women.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Difference of GDF-15 protein expression between GDM patients and non-GDM pregnant women.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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