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. 2023 Jan 19:10:1072653.
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1072653. eCollection 2023.

The influence of dietary and supplemental omega-3 fatty acids on the omega-3 index: A scoping review

Meghan Dempsey  1 , Michelle S Rockwell  2 , Laurel M Wentz  1
Affiliations

The influence of dietary and supplemental omega-3 fatty acids on the omega-3 index: A scoping review

Meghan Dempsey et al. Front Nutr. .

Abstract

Introduction: The majority of the population do not consume adequate omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA), leading to global deficiencies, as evidenced by poor omega-3 status. An indicator of overall n-3 FA status, omega3-index (O3i) ≥8% has been associated with reduced risk of chronic disease, most notably cardiovascular disease. Thus, a synthesis of current research summarizing the effects of n-3 FA intake on O3i is warranted to develop and refine clinical recommendations. The purpose of this scoping review was to evaluate the effect of n-3 FA interventions and estimate sufficient n-3 FA intake to improve O3i to meet recommendations.

Methods: Search criteria were human studies published in English from 2004 to 2022 that assessed O3i at baseline and following an n-3 FA intervention.

Results: Fifty-eight studies that met inclusion criteria were identified. Protocols included fish consumption, fortified foods, combined eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplements, supplements of single n-3 FA (alpha linolenic acid (ALA), EPA, DHA, etc.), and supplements providing multiple n-3 FA. Dietary supplements varied in chemical composition; the most common were triglycerides or ethyl esters. The lowest supplementation protocol was 100 mg/d, and the largest was 4,400 mg/d EPA and DHA. Supplementation time period ranged from 3 weeks to 1 year. At baseline, three study samples had mean O3i >8%, although many intervention protocols successfully increased O3i.

Discussion: Generally, the lowest doses shown to be effective in raising O3i to recommended levels were >1,000 mg/d of combination DHA plus EPA for 12 weeks or longer. Supplements composed of triglycerides were more bioavailable and thus more effective than other formulas. Based on the data evaluated, practical recommendations to improve O3i to ≥8% are consumption of 1,000-1,500 mg/d EPA plus DHA as triglycerides for at least 12 weeks.

Keywords: alpha linolenic acid (ALA); docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); omega-3 fatty acids; omega-3 index; polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRIMSA flow chart showing study selection for scoping review.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Change in omega-3 index (O3i) from baseline for protocols using combined EPA + DHA separated by dose. Data are presented as means ± SD (if available in publication). Legend shows length of supplementation/fortification in parentheses. (A) Doses less than 500 mg/d; (B) Doses ranging from 500–1,000 mg/d; (C) Doses ranging from 1,000–1,500 mg/d; (D) Doses ranging from 1,500–2,000 mg/d; (E) Doses ranging from 2,000–3,000 mg/d; (F) Doses exceeding 3,000 mg/d.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Change in omega-3 index (O3i) from baseline for protocols using EPA. Data are presented as means ± SD (if available in publication). Legend shows dose and length of supplementation/fortification in parentheses.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Change in omega-3 index (O3i) from baseline for protocols using DHA. Data are presented as means ± SD (if available in publication). Legend shows dose and length of supplementation/fortification in parentheses.
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