Efficacy of Kami Guibi-tang as an Add-On Therapy to Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor for Cognitive Function in Mild Alzheimer's Disease: A Pilot Study

Abstract

Background: Kami Guibi-tang (KGT), a traditional Korean herbal medicine is mainly used to treat insomnia and nervousness. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) are the main treatments for mild Alzheimer's disease (AD), a degenerative brain disease. However, currently no drug can fundamentally treat AD or reverse the advanced cognitive decline. This clinical study explored the efficacy and safety of adding KGT to AChEI for cognitive function in mild AD.

Methods: This was a pilot study for a larger randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Participants between 55-90 years diagnosed with mild AD were recruited from Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Korea. They were randomized to receive either KGT or placebo for 24 weeks, in addition to their regular AChEI. The primary outcome was treatment efficacy, as assessed by the relative amount of change over the study period in total scores on the Dementia version of the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery (SNSB-D). Changes in SNSB subscores were assessed as secondary outcomes. Safety parameters, including adverse events and abnormalities in blood tests, electrocardiograms, and brain magnetic resonance imaging were also monitored.

Results: Between March 2018 and November 2020, seven participants each in the KGT group and the placebo group completed the 24-week trial. There were no significant changes in SNSB-D total or subindex scores for either group (p = 0.69 and 0.63, respectively), and no significant differences were observed between them (p=0.71). No adverse events related to KGT were reported. We also compared and analyzed the results of a previous pilot study conducted on amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) using protocol of this study. The aMCI group showed a significant improvement in the total SNSB-D score, especially in the memory domain, compared to the mild AD group (p = 0.04 and 0.02, respectively). The Korean Mini-Mental State Exam and Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scores also significantly improved in the aMCI group (p = 0.01 and 0.02, respectively).

Conclusions: Compared to placebo, adding KGT to AChEI did not significantly improve cognitive function in SNSB in patients with mild AD. We suggest that KGT would have a positive effect on patients with early stages of cognitive impairment such as aMCI. The findings could assist design larger, longer-term clinical trials of KGT use in elderly patients with mild AD. This study was registered in the Korean Clinical Trial Registry on December 26, 2017, with the CRIS approval number KCT0002904.

Figure 1

CONSORT diagram. K-MMSE, Korean Mini-Mental State Exam; KDSQ, Korean Dementia Screening Questionnaire; SNSB, Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery; AChEI, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; ITT, intention to treat.