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Review
. 2023 Feb 2;11(3):424.
doi: 10.3390/healthcare11030424.

Epidemiology of Kidney Stones

Kyriaki Stamatelou  1 , David S Goldfarb  2
Affiliations
Review

Epidemiology of Kidney Stones

Kyriaki Stamatelou et al. Healthcare (Basel). .

Abstract

In the past two decades, major breakthroughs that improve our understanding of the pathophysiology and therapy of kidney stones (KS) have been lacking. The disease continues to be challenging for patients, physicians, and healthcare systems alike. In this context, epidemiological studies are striving to elucidate the worldwide changes in the patterns and the burden of the disease and identify modifiable risk factors that contribute to the development of kidney stones. Our expanding knowledge of the epidemiology of kidney stones is of paramount importance and largely upgrades the modern management of the disease. In this paper, we review the variables affecting prevalence and incidence, including age, gender, race, ethnicity, occupation, climate, geography, systemic diseases, diabetes, vascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and dietary risk factors relevant to kidney stones.

Keywords: calcium; calculi; citrate; nephrolithiasis; oxalate; renal; urolithiasis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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