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. 2023 Jan 19;20(3):1855.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph20031855.

Benzo[A]Pyrene Biodegradation by Multiple and Individual Mesophilic Bacteria under Axenic Conditions and in Soil Samples

Alexis Nzila  1   2 , Musa M Musa  3   4 , Emmanuel Afuecheta  5 , Assad Al-Thukair  1 , Saravanan Sankaran  1 , Lei Xiang  6 , Qing X Li  7
Affiliations

Benzo[A]Pyrene Biodegradation by Multiple and Individual Mesophilic Bacteria under Axenic Conditions and in Soil Samples

Alexis Nzila et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

To date, only a handful of bacterial strains that can independently degrade and utilize benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) as the sole carbon source has been isolated and characterized. Here, three new bacterial strains-JBZ1A, JBZ2B, and JBZ5E-were isolated from contaminated soil and, using 16S rRNA sequencing, were identified as Brad rhizobium japonicum, Micrococcus luteus, and Bacillus cereus, respectively. The growth ability of each individual strain and a consortium of all strains in the presence of BaP (4-400 µmol·L-1, pH 7, 37 °C) was identified by the doubling time (dt). The results illustrate that dt decreased with increasing BaP concentrations for individual strains and the consortium. The optimum growth conditions of the consortium were 37 °C, 0.5% NaCl (w/v), and pH 7. Under these conditions, the degradation rate was 1.06 µmol·L-1·day-1, whereas that of individual strains ranged from 0.9 to 0.38 µmol·L-1·day-1. B. cereus had the strongest contribution to the consortium's activity, with a degradation rate of 0.9 µmol·L-1·day-1. The consortium could also remove BaP spiked with soil but at a lower rate (0.01 µmol L-1.day-1). High-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry permitted the detection of the metabolites of these strains, and a biodegradation pathway is proposed.

Keywords: bacterial consortia; bioremediation; chromatography; mass spectrometry; polyaromatic hydrocarbons.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Bacterial growth in the presence of BaP concentrations. Doubling time (dt) of single cultures of the strains B. japonicum, M. leteus, and B. cereus and of a consortium of these bacteria in the presence of various concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Bacterial growth in the presence of various aromatics. Doubling time (dt) of individual bacterial strains and the consortium in the presence of the aromatic compounds benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), pyrene (PYR), phenanthrene (PHEN), anthracene (ANTH), naphthalene (NAPH), salicylic acid (SALC), and catechol (CATC).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Degradation rates of individual bacteria and the consortium in the presence of 40 µmol·L−1 benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in Bushnell–Hass medium at pH 7 and 37 °C.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Degradation rate of the consortium in sandy soil spiked with 40 µmol·kg−1 benzo[a]pyrene (BaP).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Proposed degradation pathways of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) by Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Micrococcus luteus, and Bacillus cereus.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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