Is Endothelial Activation a Critical Event in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura?

Abstract

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a severe thrombotic microangiopathy. The current pathophysiologic paradigm suggests that the ADAMTS13 deficiency leads to Ultra Large-Von Willebrand Factor multimers accumulation with generation of disseminated microthrombi. Nevertheless, the role of endothelial cells in this pathology remains an issue. In this review, we discuss the various clinical, in vitro and in vivo experimental data that support the important role of the endothelium in this pathology, suggesting that ADAMTS13 deficiency may be a necessary but not sufficient condition to induce TTP. The "second hit" model suggests that in TTP, in addition to ADAMTS13 deficiency, endogenous or exogenous factors induce endothelial activation affecting mainly microvascular cells. This leads to Weibel-Palade bodies degranulation, resulting in UL-VWF accumulation in microcirculation. This endothelial activation seems to be worsened by various amplification loops, such as the complement system, nucleosomes and free heme.

Keywords: Weibel–Palade bodies; endothelial cells; thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Figure 1

Consequences of endothelial cell activation. UL-VWF = Ultralarge von Willebrand factor; IL-8 = Interleukin-8.

Figure 2

During PTT crisis, endothelium is the target of amplifications loops involving hemolysis, complement system and nucleosome UL-vWF = Ultralarge von Willebrand factor.