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Review
. 2023 Jan 24;12(3):912.
doi: 10.3390/jcm12030912.

Diabetic Retinopathy: Soluble and Imaging Ocular Biomarkers

Mariantonia Ferrara  1 , Alessandra Loda  2 , Giulia Coco  3 , Piergiacomo Grassi  4   5 , Silvia Cestaro  6 , Sara Rezzola  2 , Vito Romano  6   7 , Francesco Semeraro  6   7
Affiliations
Review

Diabetic Retinopathy: Soluble and Imaging Ocular Biomarkers

Mariantonia Ferrara et al. J Clin Med. .

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, represents the leading cause of acquired blindness in the working-age population. Due to the potential absence of symptoms in the early stages of the disease, the identification of clinical biomarkers can have a crucial role in the early diagnosis of DR as well as for the detection of prognostic factors. In particular, imaging techniques are fundamental tools for screening, diagnosis, classification, monitoring, treatment planning and prognostic assessment in DR. In this context, the identification of ocular and systemic biomarkers is crucial to facilitate the risk stratification of diabetic patients; moreover, reliable biomarkers could provide prognostic information on disease progression as well as assist in predicting a patient's response to therapy. In this context, this review aimed to provide an updated and comprehensive overview of the soluble and anatomical biomarkers associated with DR.

Keywords: confocal microscopy; corneal endothelial cell count; diabetic retinopathy; fluorescein angiography; ocular biomarkers diabetic retinopathy; optical coherence tomography; optical coherence tomography angiography; serum biomarkers diabetic retinopathy; ultra-widefield fundus photography.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Soluble biomarkers in diabetic retinopathy.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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