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. 2023 Jan 19;16(3):941.
doi: 10.3390/ma16030941.

Microstructural Features and Microhardness of the Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Synthesized by Additive Plasma Wire Deposition Welding

Irina P Semenova  1 , Yuri D Shchitsyn  2 , Dmitriy N Trushnikov  2 , Alfiz I Gareev  1 , Alexander V Polyakov  1   2 , Mikhail V Pesin  2
Affiliations

Microstructural Features and Microhardness of the Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Synthesized by Additive Plasma Wire Deposition Welding

Irina P Semenova et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

Wire arc additive manufacturing (AM) is able to replace the traditional manufacturing processes of Ti alloys. At the same time, the common drawback of Ti workpieces produced by AM via wire deposition welding is the formation of a coarse-grained dendritic structure, its strong anisotropy and, consequently, lower strength as compared to a monolithic alloy. In this work, a new method is proposed for the enhancement of the strength properties of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy synthesized by AM via wire deposition welding, which involves the use of a wire with an initial ultrafine-grained (UFG) structure. The UFG wire is characterized by a large number of defects of the crystalline lattice and grain boundaries, which will enable increasing the number of "crystallization centers" of the α-phase, leading to its refinement. The macro- and microstructure, phase composition and microhardness of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples were investigated. The microhardness of the alloy produced by layer-by-layer deposition welding using a UFG wire was shown to be on average 20% higher than that of the samples produced by a deposition welding using a conventional wire. The nature of this phenomenon is discussed, as well as the prospects of increasing the mechanical characteristics of Ti alloys produced by additive manufacturing.

Keywords: additive manufacturing; mechanical properties; microstructure; plasma wire deposition welding; titanium alloy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
General view (a) of the ECAP-C-600 facility; (b) view of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy rods produced using the ECAP-C-600 facility; (c) view of the wire with a diameter of 1.5 mm.
Figure 2
Figure 2
View of a sample after 1 layer (a) and 3 layers (b) of deposition welding using a UFG wire and (c), a layer of CG (conventional wire).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Scheme for measuring microhardness in the cross section of the studied samples (see Figure 2).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Optical microscopy images of the microstructure of the wire (a) from a conventional coarse-grained Ti-6Al-4V alloy and (b) from an ultrafine-grained Ti-6Al-4V alloy; (c) TEM image of an ultrafine-grained Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Transverse section.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Typical macrostructure in the section of the samples produced by layer-by-layer deposition welding using a wire with a UFG structure in 1 layer (a), 3 layers (b) and a CG (standard) wire in 3 layers (c).
Figure 6
Figure 6
SEM images of the intragranular microstructure of the samples produced by layer-by-layer deposition welding in 3 layers using a wire with a conventional structure (a) and UFG structure (b).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Microstructure in the section of the samples produced by layer-by-layer deposition welding using (a) a standard wire in 3 layers and (b) a wire with a UFG structure in 3 layers; (left) secondary electrons (SE) mode; (right) mode of backscattered electrons (BSE) in phase contrast.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Microstructure in the section of the samples produced by layer-by-layer deposition welding using (a) a standard wire in 3 layers and (b) a wire with a UFG structure in 3 layers; (left) secondary electrons (SE) mode; (right) mode of backscattered electrons (BSE) in phase contrast.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Microhardness in the section of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples produced using standard (CG) and UFG wires.
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