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Review
. 2023 Feb 1;13(3):585.
doi: 10.3390/nano13030585.

A Review on the Progress, Challenges, and Performances of Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells

Yuen-Ean Lye  1 , Kah-Yoong Chan  2 , Zi-Neng Ng  1
Affiliations
Review

A Review on the Progress, Challenges, and Performances of Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells

Yuen-Ean Lye et al. Nanomaterials (Basel). .

Abstract

In this twenty-first century, energy shortages have become a global issue as energy demand is growing at an astounding rate while the energy supply from fossil fuels is depleting. Thus, the urge to develop sustainable renewable energy to replace fossil fuels is significant to prevent energy shortages. Solar energy is the most promising, accessible, renewable, clean, and sustainable substitute for fossil fuels. Third-generation (3G) emerging solar cell technologies have been popular in the research field as there are many possibilities to be explored. Among the 3G solar cell technologies, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are the most rapidly developing technology, making them suitable for generating electricity efficiently with low production costs. However, the toxicity of Pb in organic-inorganic metal halide PSCs has inherent shortcomings, which will lead to environmental contamination and public health problems. Therefore, developing a lead-free perovskite solar cell is necessary to ensure human health and a pollution-free environment. This review paper summarized numerous types of Sn-based perovskites with important achievements in experimental-based studies to date.

Keywords: 3G solar cell technologies; Sn-based perovskite solar cells; lead-free perovskite solar cells.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
ABX3 perovskite structure showing (left) BX6 octahedral and (right) AX12 cuboctahedral geometry. Reproduced with permission from [4]. Copyright American Chemical Society, 2014.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) Conventional (n-i-p); (b) inverted (p-i-n) structure.
Figure 3
Figure 3
A schematic on the film formation of the CH3NH3SnI3 perovskite film starting from SnI2 through the SnI2·3DMSO intermediate. Reproduced with permission from [32]. Copyright American Chemical Society, 2015.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Schematic illustration of the evolution from 2D perovskite to 3D perovskite with key components. Reproduced with permission from [63]. Copyright American Chemical Society, 2019.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Schematic illustration of 2D/3D mixture. Reproduced with permission from [64]. Copyright John Wiley and Sons, 2017.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Schematic illustration of (FA)x(MA)01-xSnI3. Reproduced with permission from [38]. Copyright Springer Nature, 2021.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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