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Review
. 2023 Feb 1;28(3):1368.
doi: 10.3390/molecules28031368.

Recent Developments in the Biological Activities, Bioproduction, and Applications of Pseudomonas spp. Phenazines

Bruno Serafim  1   2 , Ana R Bernardino  1   2 , Filomena Freitas  1   2 , Cristiana A V Torres  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Recent Developments in the Biological Activities, Bioproduction, and Applications of Pseudomonas spp. Phenazines

Bruno Serafim et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Phenazines are a large group of heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds with demonstrated insecticidal, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and anticancer activities. These natural compounds are synthesized by several microorganisms originating from diverse habitats, including marine and terrestrial sources. The most well-studied producers belong to the Pseudomonas genus, which has been extensively investigated over the years for its ability to synthesize phenazines. This review is focused on the research performed on pseudomonads' phenazines in recent years. Their biosynthetic pathways, mechanism of regulation, production processes, bioactivities, and applications are revised in this manuscript.

Keywords: Pseudomonas spp.; bioprocess; phenazines.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
On agar plate, strains: P. chlororaphis 30-84 wildtype (WT), phenazine non-producer (ZN), PCA only producer (PCA), and 2-OH-PCA overproducer (O*) [18].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Phenazine production on a bioreactor cultivation of Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca DSM 19603.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Biosynthetic pathway for phenazine production by Pseudomonas spp. DAHP: 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate; ADIC: 2-amino-2-deoxyisochorismate; DHHA: trans 2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid; AOCHC: 6-amino-5-oxocyclohex-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid; HHPDC: hexahydro-phenazine-1,6-dicarboxylate; PHZ: phenazines; PDC: phenazine-1,6-dicarboxylic acid; PCA: 4 phenazine-1-carboxylic acid; 1-OH-PHZ: 2 1-hydroxy-phenazine; PCN: 5 phenazine-1-carboxamide; 2-OH-PHZ: 3 2-hydroxy-phenazine; 5-MPCA: 5-methylphenazine 1-carboxylato; PYO: 1 pyocianin.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Quorum-sensing regulation mechanism.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Spectra of different characterization analyses of phenazines, (A) Phase-reverse HPLC chromatogram of PCA and PCN [49]; (B) PCA and PCN peaks detected by LC-MS [18]; (C) FTIR spectrum of crystalline PCA [76].
Figure 6
Figure 6
Spectra of PCN phenazine by (A) 1H NMR and by (B) 13C NMR [12].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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