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Clinical Trial
. 2023 Jan 31;15(3):712.
doi: 10.3390/nu15030712.

Is S100B Involved in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? Comparisons with Controls and Changes Following a Triple Therapy Containing Methylphenidate, Melatonin and ω-3 PUFAs

Miriam Ouadih-Moran  1 , Antonio Muñoz-Hoyos  2 , Luis D'Marco  3 , Antonio Molina-Carballo  2 , Isabel Seiquer  4 , Ana Checa-Ros  3   5
Affiliations
Clinical Trial

Is S100B Involved in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? Comparisons with Controls and Changes Following a Triple Therapy Containing Methylphenidate, Melatonin and ω-3 PUFAs

Miriam Ouadih-Moran et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Background: Increasing evidence supports a neuroinflammatory basis in ADHD damaging glial function and thereby altering dopaminergic (DA) neurotransmission. Previous studies focusing on the S100B protein as a marker of glial function have shown contradictory results. We conducted a clinical trial to investigate differences in S100B levels between ADHD patients and controls, as well as observe gradual changes in S100B concentrations after a triple therapy (TT) containing methylphenidate (MPH), melatonin (aMT) and omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs).

Methods: 62 medication-naïve children with ADHD (ADHD-G) and 65 healthy controls (C-G) were recruited. Serum S100B was measured at baseline (T0) in ADHD-G/C-G, and three (T3) and six months (T6) after starting TT in the ADHD-G, together with attention scores.

Results: A significant increase in S100B was observed in the ADHD-G vs. C-G. In the ADHD-G, significantly higher S100B values were observed for comparisons between T0-T3 and between T0-T6, accompanied by a significant improvement in attention scores for the same timepoint comparisons. No significant differences were found for S100B between T3-T6.

Conclusion: Our results agree with the hypothesis of glial damage in ADHD. Further studies on the link between DA and S100B are required to explain the transient increase in S100B following TT.

Keywords: ADHD; S100B; attention; melatonin; methylphenidate; ω-3 PUFAs.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic representation of study protocol. CDI: Children’s Depression Inventory; WISC-IV: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th edition; MSVA: Magallanes Scale of Visual Attention.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Comparative analysis in the values of quality of attention (QA) and sustained attention (SA) between the different time points in the ADHD group. MSVA: Magallanes Scale of Visual Attention; ns: non-significant; ** p < 0.001.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Comparative analysis of serum S100B levels between ADHD patients and the control group at baseline (T0). ** p < 0.001.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Comparative analysis of serum S100B levels at the different time points (T0, T3, T6) in the ADHD group. ns: non-significant; ** p < 0.001.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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