Accelerated Breeding for Helianthus annuus (Sunflower) through Doubled Haploidy: An Insight on Past and Future Prospects in the Era of Genome Editing

Abstract

The aim of any breeding process is to fully express the targeted, superior/desirable parent characteristic in the progeny. Hybrids are often used in this dynamic, and complex process for which homozygous parents-which may require up to eight generations of back crossing and selection-are required. Doubled haploid (DH) technologies can facilitate the production of true breeding lines faster and in a more efficient manner than the traditional back crossing and selection strategies. Sunflower is the third most important oilseed crop in the world and has no available double haploid induction procedure/technique that can be efficiently used in breeding programs. A reproducible and efficient doubled haploid induction method would be a valuable tool in accelerating the breeding of new elite sunflower varieties. Although several attempts have been made, the establishment of a sunflower doubled haploid induction protocol has remained a challenge owing recalcitrance to in vitro culture regeneration. Approaches for haploid development in other crops are often cultivar specific, difficult to reproduce, and rely on available tissue culture protocols-which on their own are also cultivar and/or species specific. As an out-crossing crop, the lack of a double haploid system limits sunflower breeding and associated improvement processes, thereby delaying new hybrid and trait developments. Significant molecular advances targeting genes, such as the centromeric histone 3 (CenH3) and Matrilineal (MTL) gene with CRISPR/Cas9, and the successful use of viral vectors for the delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 components into plant cells eliminating the in vitro culture bottleneck, have the potential to improve double haploid technology in sunflower. In this review, the different strategies, their challenges, and opportunities for achieving doubled haploids in sunflower are explored.

Keywords: CRISPR/Cas9; CenH3; doubled haploid; genome editing; sunflower.

Figure 1

Comparison of conventional breeding and doubled haploid (‘accelerated breeding’) technology breeding methods (Illustration adapted from [21] 2022).

Figure 2

Illustration of centromere function during zygote mitosis. A plant with modified CenH3 gene is crossed with a wild-type plant resulting in uniparental chromosome elimination leading to haploid progeny and/or incomplete elimination of haploid inducer genetic material leading to aneuploid progeny (illustration adapted from Chan, 2010). Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 11 January 2023).

Figure 3

Typical schematic structure of the plant centromeric histone protein 3 (CenH3) gene.

Figure 4

Schematic representation of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing mechanism in plant cells. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 11 January 2023).