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. 2023 Jan 26;12(3):560.
doi: 10.3390/plants12030560.

Phytochemical Characterization and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation in RAW 264.7 Cells of Jatropha cordata Bark Extracts

Yazmín B Jiménez-Nevárez  1 , Miguel Angel Angulo-Escalante  1 , Julio Montes-Avila  2 , Araceli Guerrero-Alonso  3 , Judith González Christen  4 , Israel Hurtado-Díaz  5 , J Basilio Heredia  1 , Eber Addí Quintana-Obregón  6 , Laura Alvarez  3
Affiliations

Phytochemical Characterization and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation in RAW 264.7 Cells of Jatropha cordata Bark Extracts

Yazmín B Jiménez-Nevárez et al. Plants (Basel). .

Abstract

The inflammatory process, although beneficial, can produce tissue damage and systemic damage when uncontrolled. Effective therapeutic alternatives with little or no side effects are of great therapeutic interest. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical composition of bark extracts from J. cordata, an endemic plant from México, and evaluate their in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts were characterized by qualitative phytochemical tests, and their bioactive groups were identified by 1H NMR and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extract's anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated as nitric oxide (NO) production and their cytotoxicity by an MTS cell proliferation assay in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells at concentrations of 1-100 μg/mL. The hexane extract contained fatty acids, fatty esters, phytosterols, alkanes, vitamin E, and terpenoids; the ethyl acetate extract showed fatty acids, fatty esters, aromatic aldehyde, phytosterols, vitamin E, and terpenoids, while the methanolic extract showed fatty esters, fatty acid, aromatics aldehydes, and alcohol. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest inhibition of NO production, followed by the methanolic extract and the hexane extract, without affecting the viability of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The results suggest that J. cordata extracts are a potential source of bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory potential.

Keywords: Jatropha cordata; NMR; NO production inhibition; anti-inflammatory activity; gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; terpenes.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectrum (CDCl3, 200 MHz). (a) Hexane from J. cordata bark extract, fatty acids and terpenes profile; (b) ethyl acetate from J. cordata bark extract, fatty acids and terpenes profile; (c) of methanol from J. cordata bark extract, fatty acids and aromatics profile.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Mean percentage ± standard deviation of viability in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of Jatropha cordata bark.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) Means plot of solvent and concentration means; (b) Means plot of the extract-concentration interaction of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Mean percentage ± standard deviation of LPS-stimulated nitric oxide inhibition in RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of J. cordata bark.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a) Means plot of solvent and concentration means; (b) Means plot of extract-concentration interaction of RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS.
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