Sustainable Cement Composite Integrating Waste Cellulose Fibre: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

This review presents the research conducted to date in the field of cement-based composites reinforced with waste paper-based cellulose fibres, focusing on their composition, mechanical properties, and durability characteristics. The literature demonstrates that the properties of raw material (depending on their own chemical composition) significantly influence the formation of the cement composite binders. When considering fresh properties, the presence of silica and magnesium compounds generally lead to favourable effects on the setting of the cement composite when combined with waste paper cellulose fibre. Reduction in density values, i.e., approximately 25%, was observed with the inclusion of waste paper fibres from 20 to 80% in cement composites. The homogeneous dispersion of fibres in the matrix is one of the crucial factors to achieve in order to develop composites with well-balanced mechanical properties incorporating waste paper cellulose fibres. Hence, dispersion of fibres can be improved by increasing water quantity corresponding to the optimal value, which was a water/cement ratio of 0.64 leading to optimum strength properties of the composite. Even though the effect of fibre dispersion in the matrix improves with the addition of water, higher porosity and voids govern the strength properties beyond an optimum water-to-cement ratio. Higher porosity leads to an increase in the water absorption and a lowering of the thermal conductivity properties with the addition of paper fibre in cement binders. Paper fibre absorbs a high amount of water leading to higher water absorption. This phenomenon is related to the hydrophilic nature of cellulosic fibres absorbing some volume of water due to their microporous structure.

Keywords: cement composite; durability properties; mechanical properties; waste cellulose fibre; waste paper sludge.

Figure 1

Classification of cellulose fibre.

Figure 2

Microscopic view of raw waste paper used by Raut et al. [21] and Rajput et al. [20] for concrete brick production.

Figure 3

(a) Density; (b) 28-day compressive strength; (c) 28-day flexural tensile strength; and (d) 28-day splitting tensile strength variations of waste paper sludge cement composite binders.

Figure 3

(a) Density; (b) 28-day compressive strength; (c) 28-day flexural tensile strength; and (d) 28-day splitting tensile strength variations of waste paper sludge cement composite binders.

Figure 4

Water absorption and thermal conductivity variations of waste paper sludge cement composite binders.

Figure 5

(a) Density; (b) 28-day compressive strength; (c) 28-day flexural tensile strength; and (d) 28-day splitting tensile strength variations of waste paper/cardboard cement composite binders.

Figure 5

(a) Density; (b) 28-day compressive strength; (c) 28-day flexural tensile strength; and (d) 28-day splitting tensile strength variations of waste paper/cardboard cement composite binders.

Figure 5

(a) Density; (b) 28-day compressive strength; (c) 28-day flexural tensile strength; and (d) 28-day splitting tensile strength variations of waste paper/cardboard cement composite binders.

Figure 6

(a) Water absorption and (b) thermal conductivity variation of waste paper/cardboard cement composite binders.

Figure 7

SEM image of cement composite prepared with waste cellulose paper fibre [33].

Figure 8

Microstructure of 10% replacement of waste paper fibres [30].