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Review
. 2023 Jan 20;15(3):544.
doi: 10.3390/polym15030544.

Collagen Derived from Fish Industry Waste: Progresses and Challenges

Zahra Rajabimashhadi  1 , Nunzia Gallo  1 , Luca Salvatore  2 , Francesca Lionetto  1
Affiliations
Review

Collagen Derived from Fish Industry Waste: Progresses and Challenges

Zahra Rajabimashhadi et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

Fish collagen garnered significant academic and commercial focus in the last decades featuring prospective applications in a variety of health-related industries, including food, medicine, pharmaceutics, and cosmetics. Due to its distinct advantages over mammalian-based collagen, including the reduced zoonosis transmission risk, the absence of cultural-religious limitations, the cost-effectiveness of manufacturing process, and its superior bioavailability, the use of collagen derived from fish wastes (i.e., skin, scales) quickly expanded. Moreover, by-products are low cost and the need to minimize fish industry waste's environmental impact paved the way for the use of discards in the development of collagen-based products with remarkable added value. This review summarizes the recent advances in the valorization of fish industry wastes for the extraction of collagen used in several applications. Issues related to processing and characterization of collagen were presented. Moreover, an overview of the most relevant applications in food industry, nutraceutical, cosmetics, tissue engineering, and food packaging of the last three years was introduced. Lastly, the fish-collagen market and the open technological challenges to a reliable recovery and exploitation of this biopolymer were discussed.

Keywords: collagen extraction; fish collagen; fish industry waste; nano collagen; sustainability.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Increasing research interest in fish collagen (MC) and nano collagen (NC) compared with collagen (C), according to scientific papers analyzed by publication year in the last twenty years up to 2022 (from Scopus database: www.scopus.com, accessed on 15 September 2022).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Exemplary amino acid repetition of the triplet (Gly-X-Y)n characteristic of type I collagen.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Changes in the proposed structure of type I collagen from the beginning and its modification to the final accepted structure. Adapted from [52]. Reproduced from [51] with permission from springer Nature, 1940. Reproduced from [53] with permission from springer Nature, 1954. Reproduced from [54] with permission from Elsevier, 1955.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Type I collagen hierarchical organization.
Figure 5
Figure 5
By-products of fish as potential sources of collagen extraction.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Advantages and disadvantages of fish collagen.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Representative scheme of type I collagen denaturation into low-molecular-weight peptides (red and blue).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Yield of collagen obtained from fish sources [8].
Figure 9
Figure 9
Application of fish collagen in different industrial fields.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Schematic of the wound healing steps: (1) hemostasis, (2) inflammation, (3) proliferation, and (4) remodeling.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Fish-collagen market segmentation by Continent in 2019 [207].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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