Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Case Reports
. 2022 Dec 23:7:101716.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2022.101716. eCollection 2023 Feb 1.

1,1-Difluoroethane Hydrocarbon Cardiomyopathy

Kristen N Brown  1 , Kyle Gronbeck  2 , Ayesha Azmeen  1 , Aleem Siddique  3 , Ronald Zolty  1 , James N Sullivan  4
Affiliations
Case Reports

1,1-Difluoroethane Hydrocarbon Cardiomyopathy

Kristen N Brown et al. JACC Case Rep. .

Abstract

1,1-Difluoroethane (DFE) cardiomyopathy results from the direct inhalation of toxic halogenated hydrocarbons. We present a case series of acute DFE cardiomyopathy illustrating the typical presentation of severe DFE cardiomyopathy along with a detailed description of its mechanism of injury. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.).

Keywords: 1,1-difluoroethane hydrocarbon; DFE, 1,1-difluoroethane; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; EF, ejection fraction; huffing; nonischemic cardiomyopathy; toxic cardiomyopathy.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.

Figures

None
Graphical abstract
Figure 1
Figure 1
Molecular and Cellular Effects DFE (A) Saturation of myocytes. (B) Calcium chelation. (C) Directly binding of calcium channels. (D) Saturating gap junction channels. (E) Blockade of potassium channels. (F) DFE molecule. (G) Myofibril. (H) Interstitial edema. (I) Intramyocardial hemorrhage. (J) Myocardial necrosis. (K) Extracellular space. (L) Blocks actin and myosin binding. (M) Long-term exposure results in disruption in myocyte DNA resulting in disorganized and malfunctioning muscle tissue.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Multiorgan Effects of DFE Toxicity Microsoft Word stock images were used to create the illustration.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Anderson C.E., Loomis G.A. Recognition and prevention of inhalant abuse. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68(5):869–874. - PubMed
    1. Gummin D.D., Mowry J.B., Beuhler M.C., et al. Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 38th annual report. Clin Toxicol. 2021;59(12):1282–1501. - PubMed
    1. Tormoehlen L.M., Tekulve K.J., Nanagas K.A. Hydrocarbon toxicity: a review. Clin Toxicol. 2014;52(5):479–489. - PubMed
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention High School Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance - United States 2019. https://nccd.cdc.gov/Youthonline/App/Results
    1. Fogelson B., Qu D., Bhagat M., et al. Multiorgan system failure secondary to difluoroethane toxicity in a patient “huffing” air duster: a case report. J Addict Dis. 2022;19:1–6. - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources