The 2022 Monkeypox Epidemic and What Has Led to the Current State of the Disease in the US: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Monkeypox virus (MPOX) is a zoonotic disease in humans. It is similar genetically to its virus family member, smallpox. This virus has been studied since the 1970s. The virus remains endemic to the Congo and West African regions, but non-endemic spreads have been cited. The most recent non-endemic outbreak in the spring of 2022 amidst the current COVID-19 pandemic is of interest due to its impact on global medical, economic, and societal climates. This literature review aims to highlight the virology, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of MPOX and discuss the social implications of the recent 2022 outbreak. We hope this review can pinpoint important clinical pearls of the MPOX virus and its societal impacts to further promote important discussion of this virus and its disease.

Keywords: infectious disease control; monkey pox fever; monkey pox virus; monkey pox virus rash; zoonotic infections.

Figure 1. Stages of skin presentation and progression of Monkeypox rash.

Source: reference 30

Figure 2. A) Pustules in the genital region. B) Pustular lesions on the left side of the tongue. C) Pearly vesicles in the palmar skin of the hands. D) Scattered papules and pustules with an erythematous halo. E) Pustules in the anal and perianal skin. F) Pustular lesion on the lower lip. G) Primary inoculation site with a large crusted lesion. H) Fibrin-covered ulcer on the right tonsil. I) Lesions on the penile glans and foreskin.

Source: [27]