VICT2 Trait: Prognostic Alternative to Peritumoral Hepatobiliary Phase Hypointensity in HCC

Abstract

Background Peritumoral hepatobiliary phase (HBP) hypointensity is an established prognostic imaging feature in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), often associated with microvascular invasion (MVI). Similar prognostic features are needed for non-HBP MRI. Purpose To propose a non-hepatobiliary-specific MRI tool with similar prognostic value to peritumoral HBP hypointensity. Materials and Methods From December 2011 to November 2021, consecutive patients with HCC who underwent preoperative contrast-enhanced MRI were retrospectively enrolled and followed up until recurrence. All MRI scans were reviewed by two blinded radiologists with 7 and 10 years of experiences with liver MRI. A scoring system based on non-hepatobiliary-specific features that highly correlated with peritumoral HBP hypointensity was identified in a stratified sampling-derived training set of the gadoxetate disodium (EOB) group by means of multivariable logistic regression, and its values to predict MVI and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were assessed. Results There were 660 patients (551 men; median age, 53 years; IQR, 45-61 years) enrolled. Peritumoral portal venous phase hypoenhancement (odds ratio [OR] = 8.8), incomplete "capsule" (OR = 3.3), corona enhancement (OR, 2.6), and peritumoral mild-moderate T2 hyperintensity (OR, 2.2) (all P < .001) were associated with peritumoral HBP hypointensity and constituted the "VICT2 trait" (test set area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.90). For the EOB group, both peritumoral HBP hypointensity (OR for MVI = 2.5, P = .02; hazard ratio for RFS = 2.5, P < .001) and the VICT2 trait (OR for MVI = 5.1, P < .001; hazard ratio for RFS = 2.3, P < .001) were associated with MVI and RFS, despite a higher specificity of the VICT2 trait for MVI (89% vs 80%, P = .01). These values of the VICT2 trait were confirmed in the extracellular contrast agent group (OR for MVI = 4.0; hazard ratio for RFS = 1.7; both P < .001). Conclusion Based on four non-hepatobiliary-specific MRI features, the VICT2 trait was comparable to peritumoral hepatobiliary phase hypointensity in predicting microvascular invasion and postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. © RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Harmath in this issue.