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. 2022 Nov 4;11(2):817-827.
doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3116. eCollection 2023 Feb.

Probiotics encapsulated gastroprotective cross-linked microgels: Enhanced viability under stressed conditions with dried apple carrier

Muhammad Afzaal  1 , Farhan Saeed  1 , Huda Ateeq  1 , Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar  2 , Ali Imran  1 , Aftab Ahmed  1 , Muhammad Aamir  3 , Fakhar Islam  1 , Iqra Yasmin  4 , Yasir Abbas Shah  1 , Muzzamal Hussain  1 , Adnan Hameed  1 , Roshan Kumar  5 , Chinaza Godswill Awuchi  6
Affiliations

Probiotics encapsulated gastroprotective cross-linked microgels: Enhanced viability under stressed conditions with dried apple carrier

Muhammad Afzaal et al. Food Sci Nutr. .

Abstract

In the current study, Lactobacillus acidophilus was encapsulated in sodium alginate and whey protein isolate, with the addition of antacids CaCO3 or Mg(OH)2. The obtained microgels were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Encapsulated and free probiotics were subjected to vitality assay under stressed conditions. Furthermore, dried apple snack was evaluated as a carrier for probiotics for 28 days. A significant (p ≤ .05) effect of antacid with an encapsulating agent was observed under different stressed conditions. During exposure to simulated gastrointestinal conditions, there were observations of 1.24 log CFU and 2.17 log CFU, with corresponding 0.93 log CFU and 2.63 log CFU decrease in the case of SA + CaCO3 and WPI + CaCO3 respectively. Likewise, high viability was observed under thermal and refrigerated conditions for probiotics encapsulated with SA + CaCO3. In conclusion, the results indicated that alginate microgels with CaCO3 are effective in prolonging the viability of probiotics under stressed conditions.

Keywords: antacid; apple snack; encapsulation; gastroprotective microgels; probiotics; viability.

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Conflict of interest statement

Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Scanning electron micrographs (a) SA + Mg(OH)2 (Sodium alginate microgels with Mg(OH)2), (b) SA + CaCO3 (Sodium alginate microgels with CaCO3), (c) WPI + Mg(OH)2 (whey protein isolate microgels with Mg(OH)2), (d) WPI + CaCO3 (whey protein isolate microgels with CaCO3)
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Viability of free and encapsulated (SA and WPI having Mg (OH)2 and CaCO3 antacids) probiotic microgels under simulated gastric conditions during storage intervals (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min) compared with control. Each bar represents the mean value for viability of treatments. Fc (un‐encapsulated probiotics), SA + Mg (OH)2 (Sodium alginate microgels with Mg (OH)2), SA + CaCO3 (Sodium alginate microgels with CaCO3), WPI + Mg (OH)2 (whey protein isolate microgels with Mg (OH)2), and WPI + CaCO3 (whey protein isolate microgels with CaCO3).
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Viability of free and encapsulated (SA and WPI having Mg (OH)2 and CaCO3 antacids) probiotic microgels under simulated intestinal conditions during storage intervals (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min) compared with control. Each bar represents the mean value for viability of treatments. Fc (un‐encapsulated probiotics), SA + Mg (OH)2 (Sodium alginate microgels with Mg (OH)2), SA + CaCO3 (Sodium alginate microgels with CaCO3), WPI + Mg (OH)2 (whey protein isolate microgels with Mg (OH)2) and WPI + CaCO3 (whey protein isolate microgels with CaCO3).
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Viability of free and encapsulated (SA and WPI having Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3 antacids) probiotic microgels at elevated temperature (63, 65, and 72°C) for 10 min compared with control. Each bar represents the mean value for viability of treatments. Fc (un‐encapsulated probiotics), SA + Mg (OH)2 (Sodium alginate microgels with Mg (OH)2), SA + CaCO3 (Sodium alginate microgels with CaCO3), WPI + Mg (OH)2 (whey protein isolate microgels with Mg (OH)2), and WPI + CaCO3 (whey protein isolate microgels with CaCO3).
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Viability of free and encapsulated (SA and WPI having Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3 antacids) probiotic microgels during refrigeration storage at 4°C during storage intervals (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days) compared with control. Each bar represents the mean value for viability of treatments. Fc (un‐encapsulated probiotics), SA + Mg (OH)2 (Sodium alginate microgels with Mg (OH)2), SA + CaCO3 (Sodium alginate microgels with CaCO3), WPI + Mg (OH)2 (whey protein isolate microgels with Mg (OH)2) and WPI + CaCO3 (whey protein isolate microgels with CaCO3).
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Effect of free (unencapsulated) and encapsulated (SA and WPI having Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3 antacids) L. acidophilus on the pH of dried apple snacks during storage intervals (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days) compared with control. Each bar represents the mean value for viability of treatments. AS (control/without probiotics), ASFC (free/unencapsulated cells), AS(SA + Mg(OH)2 (apple snack having sodium alginate microgels with Mg(OH)2), AS(SA + CaCO3) (apple snack having sodium alginate microgels with CaCO3), AS(WPI + Mg(OH)2) (apple snack having whey protein isolate microgels with Mg(OH)2) and AS(WPI + CaCO3) (apple snack having whey protein isolate microgels with CaCO3).
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Effect of free (unencapsulated) and encapsulated (SA and WPI having Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3 antacids) L. acidophilus on probiotic viability of dried apple snacks during storage intervals (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days) compared with control. Each bar represents the mean value for viability of treatments. AS (control/without probiotics), ASFC (free/unencapsulated cells), AS(SA + Mg(OH)2 (apple snack having sodium alginate microgels with Mg(OH)2), AS(SA + CaCO3) (apple snack having sodium alginate microgels with CaCO3), AS(WPI + Mg(OH)2) (apple snack having whey protein isolate microgels with Mg(OH)2) and AS(WPI + CaCO3) (apple snack having whey protein isolate microgels with CaCO3).
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 8
Effect of free (unencapsulated) and encapsulated (SA and WPI having Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3 antacids) L. acidophilus on sensory profile of dried apple snacks during storage intervals (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days) compared with control. Each line represents mean value for viability of treatments. AS (control/without probiotics), ASFC (free/unencapsulated cells), AS(SA + Mg(OH)2 (apple snack having sodium alginate microgels with Mg(OH)2), AS(SA + CaCO3) (apple snack having sodium alginate microgels with CaCO3), AS(WPI + Mg(OH)2) (apple snack having whey protein isolate microgels with Mg(OH)2) and AS(WPI + CaCO3) (apple snack having whey protein isolate microgels with CaCO3).
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