GLORIA - A globally representative hyperspectral in situ dataset for optical sensing of water quality

Moritz K Lehmann^{1

2}, Daniela Gurlin³, Nima Pahlevan^{4

5}, Krista Alikas⁶, Ted Conroy⁷, Janet Anstee⁸, Sundarabalan V Balasubramanian⁹, Cláudio C F Barbosa¹⁰, Caren Binding¹¹, Astrid Bracher^{12

13}, Mariano Bresciani¹⁴, Ashley Burtner¹⁵, Zhigang Cao¹⁶, Arnold G Dekker¹⁷, Courtney Di Vittorio¹⁸, Nathan Drayson⁸, Reagan M Errera¹⁹, Virginia Fernandez²⁰, Dariusz Ficek²¹, Cédric G Fichot²², Peter Gege²³, Claudia Giardino¹⁴, Anatoly A Gitelson²⁴, Steven R Greb²⁵, Hayden Henderson²⁶, Hiroto Higa²⁷, Abolfazl Irani Rahaghi²⁸, Cédric Jamet²⁹, Dalin Jiang³⁰, Thomas Jordan³¹, Kersti Kangro⁶, Jeremy A Kravitz³², Arne S Kristoffersen³³, Raphael Kudela³⁴, Lin Li³⁵, Martin Ligi⁶, Hubert Loisel²⁹, Steven Lohrenz³⁶, Ronghua Ma¹⁶, Daniel A Maciel¹⁰, Tim J Malthus³⁷, Bunkei Matsushita³⁸, Mark Matthews³⁹, Camille Minaudo⁴⁰, Deepak R Mishra⁴¹, Sachidananda Mishra⁴², Tim Moore⁴³, Wesley J Moses⁴⁴, Hà Nguyễn⁴⁵, Evlyn M L M Novo¹⁰, Stéfani Novoa⁴⁶, Daniel Odermatt²⁸, David M O'Donnell⁴⁷, Leif G Olmanson⁴⁸, Michael Ondrusek⁴⁹, Natascha Oppelt⁵⁰, Sylvain Ouillon^{51

52}, Waterloo Pereira Filho⁵³, Stefan Plattner²³, Antonio Ruiz Verdú⁵⁴, Salem I Salem⁵⁵, John F Schalles⁵⁶, Stefan G H Simis³¹, Eko Siswanto⁵⁷, Brandon Smith^{4

5}, Ian Somlai-Schweiger²³, Mariana A Soppa¹², Evangelos Spyrakos³⁰, Elinor Tessin³³, Hendrik J van der Woerd⁵⁸, Andrea Vander Woude¹⁹, Ryan A Vandermeulen^{4

59}, Vincent Vantrepotte²⁹, Marcel R Wernand⁴⁶, Mortimer Werther^{28

30}, Kyana Young¹⁸, Linwei Yue⁶⁰

Affiliations

¹ Xerra Earth Observation Institute, PO Box 400, Alexandra, 9340, New Zealand. moritz.lehmann@gmail.com.
² School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand. moritz.lehmann@gmail.com.
³ Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Water Quality, 101 S Webster Street, Madison, WI, 53707, USA.
⁴ Science Systems and Applications, Inc. (SSAI), Lanham, MD, USA.
⁵ NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.
⁶ Tartu Observatory of the University of Tartu, Tartumaa, 61602, Estonia.
⁷ School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.
⁸ Coasts and Oceans Systems Program (COS), CSIRO Environment Business Unit, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
⁹ GeoSensing and Imaging Consultancy, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
¹⁰ Instrumentation Lab for Aquatic Systems (LabISA), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil.
¹¹ Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada.
¹² Phytooptics Group, Physical Oceanography of Polar Seas, Climate Sciences, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.
¹³ Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
¹⁴ National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, CNR-IREA, Milano, Italy.
¹⁵ Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, 4840 South State Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA.
¹⁶ Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
¹⁷ SatDek Pty Ltd, 99 Read Rd, Sutton, NSW, 2620, Australia.
¹⁸ Wake Forest University, Engineering, 455 Vine Street, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
¹⁹ NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
²⁰ Department of Geography, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
²¹ Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University, Arciszewskiego 22, 76-200, Slupsk, Poland.
²² Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
²³ German Aerospace Center (DLR), Remote Sensing Technology Institute, Wessling, Germany.
²⁴ University of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Natural Resources, 3310 Holdrege Street, Lincoln, NE, 68503, USA.
²⁵ University of Wisconsin-Madison, Aquatic Sciences Center, 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
²⁶ Michigan Technological University, Great Lakes Research Center, 100 Phoenix Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.
²⁷ Faculty of Urban Innovation, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai 79-5, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
²⁸ Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Surface Waters - Research and Management, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
²⁹ Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, CNRS, Univ. Lille, IRD, UMR 8187 - LOG - Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, F-62930, Wimereux, France.
³⁰ Earth and Planetary Observation Sciences (EPOS), Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
³¹ Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK.
³² NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
³³ Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
³⁴ University of California-Santa Cruz, Ocean Sciences Department, Institute of Marine Sciences, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
³⁵ Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
³⁶ University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth, School for Marine Science and Technology West, 706 South Rodney French Blvd., New Bedford, MA, 02744, USA.
³⁷ Coasts and Oceans Systems Program (COS), CSIRO Environment Business Unit, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia.
³⁸ Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
³⁹ CyanoLakes (Pty) Ltd, Sydney, 2126, Australia.
⁴⁰ Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
⁴¹ Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
⁴² National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1305 East-West Hwy, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.
⁴³ Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, USA.
⁴⁴ U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC, 20375, USA.
⁴⁵ Faculty of Geology, VNU University of Science, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
⁴⁶ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Physical Oceanography, Marine Optics & Remote Sensing, Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands.
⁴⁷ Upstate Freshwater Institute, Syracuse, NY, USA.
⁴⁸ Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
⁴⁹ NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research, College Park, MD, USA.
⁵⁰ Earth Observation and Modelling, Kiel University, Department of Geography, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
⁵¹ UMR LEGOS, University of Toulouse, IRD, CNES, CNRS, UPS, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400, Toulouse, France.
⁵² Department Water-Environment-Oceanography, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam.
⁵³ Department of Geosciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
⁵⁴ Laboratory for Earth Observation, University of Valencia, Catedrático Agustín Escardino 9, Paterna (Valencia), 46980, Spain.
⁵⁵ Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University of Advanced Science (KUAS), 18 Yamanouchi Gotanda, Ukyo, Kyoto, Japan.
⁵⁶ Creighton University, Department of Biology, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA.
⁵⁷ Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Showa-machi 3173-25, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 2360001, Japan.
⁵⁸ Department of Water & Climate Risk, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁵⁹ Ocean Ecology Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.
⁶⁰ China University of Geosciences, School of Geography and Information Engineering, Wuhan, China.

PMID: 36797273
PMCID: PMC9935528
DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-01973-y

GLORIA - A globally representative hyperspectral in situ dataset for optical sensing of water quality

Moritz K Lehmann et al. Sci Data. 2023.

. 2023 Feb 16;10(1):100.

doi: 10.1038/s41597-023-01973-y.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Xerra Earth Observation Institute, PO Box 400, Alexandra, 9340, New Zealand. moritz.lehmann@gmail.com.
² School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand. moritz.lehmann@gmail.com.
³ Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Water Quality, 101 S Webster Street, Madison, WI, 53707, USA.
⁴ Science Systems and Applications, Inc. (SSAI), Lanham, MD, USA.
⁵ NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.
⁶ Tartu Observatory of the University of Tartu, Tartumaa, 61602, Estonia.
⁷ School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.
⁸ Coasts and Oceans Systems Program (COS), CSIRO Environment Business Unit, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
⁹ GeoSensing and Imaging Consultancy, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
¹⁰ Instrumentation Lab for Aquatic Systems (LabISA), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil.
¹¹ Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada.
¹² Phytooptics Group, Physical Oceanography of Polar Seas, Climate Sciences, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.
¹³ Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
¹⁴ National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, CNR-IREA, Milano, Italy.
¹⁵ Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, 4840 South State Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA.
¹⁶ Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
¹⁷ SatDek Pty Ltd, 99 Read Rd, Sutton, NSW, 2620, Australia.
¹⁸ Wake Forest University, Engineering, 455 Vine Street, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
¹⁹ NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
²⁰ Department of Geography, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
²¹ Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University, Arciszewskiego 22, 76-200, Slupsk, Poland.
²² Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
²³ German Aerospace Center (DLR), Remote Sensing Technology Institute, Wessling, Germany.
²⁴ University of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Natural Resources, 3310 Holdrege Street, Lincoln, NE, 68503, USA.
²⁵ University of Wisconsin-Madison, Aquatic Sciences Center, 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
²⁶ Michigan Technological University, Great Lakes Research Center, 100 Phoenix Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.
²⁷ Faculty of Urban Innovation, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai 79-5, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
²⁸ Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Surface Waters - Research and Management, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
²⁹ Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, CNRS, Univ. Lille, IRD, UMR 8187 - LOG - Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, F-62930, Wimereux, France.
³⁰ Earth and Planetary Observation Sciences (EPOS), Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
³¹ Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK.
³² NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
³³ Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
³⁴ University of California-Santa Cruz, Ocean Sciences Department, Institute of Marine Sciences, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
³⁵ Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
³⁶ University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth, School for Marine Science and Technology West, 706 South Rodney French Blvd., New Bedford, MA, 02744, USA.
³⁷ Coasts and Oceans Systems Program (COS), CSIRO Environment Business Unit, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia.
³⁸ Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
³⁹ CyanoLakes (Pty) Ltd, Sydney, 2126, Australia.
⁴⁰ Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
⁴¹ Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
⁴² National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1305 East-West Hwy, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.
⁴³ Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, USA.
⁴⁴ U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC, 20375, USA.
⁴⁵ Faculty of Geology, VNU University of Science, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
⁴⁶ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Physical Oceanography, Marine Optics & Remote Sensing, Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands.
⁴⁷ Upstate Freshwater Institute, Syracuse, NY, USA.
⁴⁸ Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
⁴⁹ NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research, College Park, MD, USA.
⁵⁰ Earth Observation and Modelling, Kiel University, Department of Geography, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
⁵¹ UMR LEGOS, University of Toulouse, IRD, CNES, CNRS, UPS, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400, Toulouse, France.
⁵² Department Water-Environment-Oceanography, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam.
⁵³ Department of Geosciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
⁵⁴ Laboratory for Earth Observation, University of Valencia, Catedrático Agustín Escardino 9, Paterna (Valencia), 46980, Spain.
⁵⁵ Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University of Advanced Science (KUAS), 18 Yamanouchi Gotanda, Ukyo, Kyoto, Japan.
⁵⁶ Creighton University, Department of Biology, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA.
⁵⁷ Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Showa-machi 3173-25, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 2360001, Japan.
⁵⁸ Department of Water & Climate Risk, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁵⁹ Ocean Ecology Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.
⁶⁰ China University of Geosciences, School of Geography and Information Engineering, Wuhan, China.

PMID: 36797273
PMCID: PMC9935528
DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-01973-y

Erratum in

Author Correction: GLORIA - A globally representative hyperspectral in situ dataset for optical sensing of water quality.
Lehmann MK, Gurlin D, Pahlevan N, Alikas K, Conroy T, Anstee J, Balasubramanian SV, Barbosa CCF, Binding C, Bracher A, Bresciani M, Burtner A, Cao Z, Dekker AG, Di Vittorio C, Drayson N, Errera RM, Fernandez V, Ficek D, Fichot CG, Gege P, Giardino C, Gitelson AA, Greb SR, Henderson H, Higa H, Rahaghi AI, Jamet C, Jiang D, Jordan T, Kangro K, Kravitz JA, Kristoffersen AS, Kudela R, Li L, Ligi M, Loisel H, Lohrenz S, Ma R, Maciel DA, Malthus TJ, Matsushita B, Matthews M, Minaudo C, Mishra DR, Mishra S, Moore T, Moses WJ, Nguyễn H, Novo EMLM, Novoa S, Odermatt D, O'Donnell DM, Olmanson LG, Ondrusek M, Oppelt N, Ouillon S, Pereira Filho W, Plattner S, Verdú AR, Salem SI, Schalles JF, Simis SGH, Siswanto E, Smith B, Somlai-Schweiger I, Soppa MA, Spyrakos E, Tessin E, van der Woerd HJ, Vander Woude A, Vandermeulen RA, Vantrepotte V, Wernand MR, Werther M, Young K, Yue L. Lehmann MK, et al. Sci Data. 2023 Apr 6;10(1):191. doi: 10.1038/s41597-023-02069-3. Sci Data. 2023. PMID: 37024498 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

Abstract

The development of algorithms for remote sensing of water quality (RSWQ) requires a large amount of in situ data to account for the bio-geo-optical diversity of inland and coastal waters. The GLObal Reflectance community dataset for Imaging and optical sensing of Aquatic environments (GLORIA) includes 7,572 curated hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance measurements at 1 nm intervals within the 350 to 900 nm wavelength range. In addition, at least one co-located water quality measurement of chlorophyll a, total suspended solids, absorption by dissolved substances, and Secchi depth, is provided. The data were contributed by researchers affiliated with 59 institutions worldwide and come from 450 different water bodies, making GLORIA the de-facto state of knowledge of in situ coastal and inland aquatic optical diversity. Each measurement is documented with comprehensive methodological details, allowing users to evaluate fitness-for-purpose, and providing a reference for practitioners planning similar measurements. We provide open and free access to this dataset with the goal of enabling scientific and technological advancement towards operational regional and global RSWQ monitoring.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

**Fig. 1**
Optical processes of absorption and scattering in the atmosphere and the water determine the amount and spectral nature of light received by a sensor. Remote sensing reflectance, the central radiometric quantity of the GLORIA dataset, is the ratio of the water-leaving radiance just above the water surface (L_w) over above-water downwelling irradiance (E_s).

**Fig. 2**
Summary of the geographical, temporal and water quality distributions of the GLORIA samples. (a) Dots mark the location of each sample and the histograms on the edges of the map show the longitudinal and latitudinal distributions of the dataset. (b) The earliest samples were collected in 1990 and the sampling effort has been steady since 2001. (c–f) Histograms of log-transformed water quality attributes illustrate the extreme range of values and their typical log-normal distributions.

**Fig. 3**
Summary of the diversity of GLORIA’s R_rs spectra. (a) Thirteen R_rs spectra chosen at random, one from each optical water type displayed in b. (b) Bar chart of the number of GLORIA spectra assigned to each optical water type from Spyrakos *et al*.. (c) Chromaticity diagram showing the visual color derived from each GLORIA R_rs spectrum using the tristimulus weighting functions according to the Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage (CIE); WP: white point.

**Fig. 4**
Spectral bias of reported R_rs compared with 3C-modeled R_rs from 1589 spectra for which L_t, L_sky and E_s were available. (A) Median and interquartile (reported - modeled). (B) Relative bias in R_rs (reported - modeled)/modeled. Discontinuities in the bias spectrum are caused by sensors having different wavelength ranges within parts of the dataset.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. Seyhan E, Dekker A. Application of remote sensing techniques for water quality monitoring. Hydrobiological Bulletin. 1986;20:41–50. doi: 10.1007/BF02291149. - DOI
1. Kirk, J. T. O. Light & Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems. 2nd edn, (Cambridge University Press, 1994).
1. Muller-Karger FE. Remote sensing of marine pollution: A challenge for the 1990s. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 1992;25:54–60. doi: 10.1016/0025-326X(92)90186-A. - DOI
1. Bukata, P. R., Jerome, J. H., Kondratyev, K. Y. & Pozdnyakov, D. Optical Properties and Remote Sensing of Inland and Coastal Waters. 362 (CRC Press, 1995).
1. Hassan, R., Scholes, R. & Ash, N. in Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Island Press, Washington, DC., 2005).

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GLORIA - A globally representative hyperspectral in situ dataset for optical sensing of water quality

Affiliations

GLORIA - A globally representative hyperspectral in situ dataset for optical sensing of water quality

Authors

Affiliations

Erratum in

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources