Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Aug;32(4):e13819.
doi: 10.1111/jsr.13819. Epub 2023 Feb 17.

Consumer sleep technology for the screening of obstructive sleep apnea and snoring: current status and a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy

Gabriel Natan Pires  1   2 , Erna Sif Arnardóttir  3   4 , Anna Sigridur Islind  3   5 , Timo Leppänen  6   7   8 , Walter T McNicholas  9
Affiliations

Consumer sleep technology for the screening of obstructive sleep apnea and snoring: current status and a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy

Gabriel Natan Pires et al. J Sleep Res. 2023 Aug.

Abstract

There are concerns about the validation and accuracy of currently available consumer sleep technology for sleep-disordered breathing. The present report provides a background review of existing consumer sleep technologies and discloses the methods and procedures for a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy of these devices and apps for the detection of obstructive sleep apnea and snoring in comparison with polysomnography. The search will be performed in four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library). Studies will be selected in two steps, first by an analysis of abstracts followed by full-text analysis, and two independent reviewers will perform both phases. Primary outcomes include apnea-hypopnea index, respiratory disturbance index, respiratory event index, oxygen desaturation index, and snoring duration for both index and reference tests, as well as the number of true positives, false positives, true negatives, and false negatives for each threshold, as well as for epoch-by-epoch and event-by-event results, which will be considered for the calculation of surrogate measures (including sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy). Diagnostic test accuracy meta-analyses will be performed using the Chu and Cole bivariate binomial model. Mean difference meta-analysis will be performed for continuous outcomes using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model. Analyses will be performed independently for each outcome. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses will evaluate the effects of the types (wearables, nearables, bed sensors, smartphone applications), technologies (e.g., oximeter, microphone, arterial tonometry, accelerometer), the role of manufacturers, and the representativeness of the samples.

Keywords: digital health; digital medicine; mobile applications; sleep trackers; smartphones; smartwatches; wearables.

PubMed Disclaimer

References

REFERENCES

    1. Arnardottir, E. S., Islind, A. S., & Óskarsdóttir, M. (2021). The future of sleep measurements: A review and perspective. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 16(3), 447-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.05.004
    1. Baptista, P. M., Martin, F., Ross, H., O'Connor Reina, C., Plaza, G., & Casale, M. (2022). A systematic review of smartphone applications and devices for obstructive sleep apnea. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, 88, S188-S197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2022.01.004
    1. Baron, K. G., Duffecy, J., Berendsen, M. A., Cheung Mason, I., Lattie, E. G., & Manalo, N. C. (2018). Feeling validated yet? A scoping review of the use of consumer-targeted wearable and mobile technology to measure and improve sleep. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 40, 151-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2017.12.002
    1. Behar, J., Roebuck, A., Domingos, J. S., Gederi, E., & Clifford, G. D. (2013). A review of current sleep screening applications for smartphones. Physiological Measurement, 34(7), R29-R46. https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/34/7/R29
    1. Benjafield, A. V., Ayas, N. T., Eastwood, P. R., Heinzer, R., Ip, M. S. M., Morrell, M. J., … Malhotra, A. (2019). Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of obstructive sleep apnoea: A literature-based analysis. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 7(8), 687-698. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30198-5

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources