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Review
. 2023 Feb 6:12:1088471.
doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1088471. eCollection 2022.

The monkeypox diagnosis, treatments and prevention: A review

Saadullah Khattak  1 , Mohd Ahmar Rauf  2 , Yasir Ali  3 , Muhammad Tufail Yousaf  4 , Zhihui Liu  5 , Dong-Dong Wu  1   6 , Xin-Ying Ji  1
Affiliations
Review

The monkeypox diagnosis, treatments and prevention: A review

Saadullah Khattak et al. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. .

Abstract

The world is currently dealing with a second viral outbreak, monkeypox, which has the potential to become an epidemic after the COVID-19 pandemic. People who reside in or close to forest might be exposed indirectly or at a low level, resulting in subclinical disease. However, the disease has lately emerged in shipped African wild mice in the United States. Smallpox can cause similar signs and symptoms to monkeypox, such as malaise, fever, flu-like signs, headache, distinctive rash, and back pain. Because Smallpox has been eliminated, similar symptoms in a monkeypox endemic zone should be treated cautiously. Monkeypox is transmitted to humans primarily via interaction with diseased animals. Infection through inoculation via interaction with skin or scratches and mucosal lesions on the animals is conceivable significantly once the skin barrier is disrupted by scratches, bites, or other disturbances or trauma. Even though it is clinically unclear from other pox-like infections, laboratory diagnosis is essential. There is no approved treatment for human monkeypox virus infection, however, smallpox vaccination can defend counter to the disease. Human sensitivity to monkeypox virus infection has grown after mass vaccination was discontinued in the 1980s. Infection may be prevented by reducing interaction with sick patients or animals and reducing respiratory exposure among people who are infected.

Keywords: diagnosis; epidemiology; monkeypox (MPX); public health concerns; treatment.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A) Structure of mature virion of MPXV, (B) The complete genome of MPXV isolates SI2022 S7 (Genbank ID: ON838178.1) is 197652 bp long, with the length of the arrowhead representing genes (cyan) and the length of the arrow representing gene size. The dark yellow indicates that the GC content (33%) is above average, while the indigo color represents GC content below average.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The sign and symptoms of MPX Disease.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The primary host and transmission route of MPX, eating infected animals as a food source, is the major cause of animal-to-human virus transmission. Healthy people can contract the virus by intimately contacting someone who is infected.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Possible treatment of MPX Virus Disease.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Preventive measures to control the MPX.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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