Relationship between the ocular and systemic disposition of flurbiprofen: the effect of altered protein dynamics at steady state

Abstract

The differences in flurbiprofen disposition in the aqueous humor and the plasma were examined after systemic doses. Steady state plasma concentrations of flurbiprofen (20-60 micrograms/mL) were achieved via intravenous infusion to albino rabbits. Flurbiprofen demonstrated linear systemic kinetics throughout the dosing range, with constant body clearance and unbound fraction in plasma. At steady state, aqueous humor drug concentrations depended on the corresponding plasma drug concentration. Two clearance terms--CLS----O, the systemic clearance to ocular tissues, and CLO----S, the ocular clearance to systemic circulation--were used. After systemic doses, the drug concentration in the aqueous humor was related to that in the plasma as well as to the ratio of these two clearances. Flurbiprofen was extensively bound to plasma proteins and showed limited ocular distribution; its CLS----O to CLO----S ratio was very small. Thus, the concentration of flurbiprofen in the aqueous humor after systemic doses was lower than that obtained after ophthalmic doses. A plasmapheresis technique was utilized to lower the plasma protein concentrations to 60% of normal levels. As a consequence, flurbiprofen demonstrated reduced aqueous humor protein concentrations, increased unbound fractions in the plasma and the aqueous humor, elevated aqueous humor drug concentrations, and elevated total body clearance. The unbound body clearance stayed unchanged. Our study indicated that a drug should present a significant CLS----O/CLO----S ratio in order to achieve therapeutic concentrations in the eye via systemic doses. The drug-protein binding kinetics can be different between the plasma and the aqueous humor circulations. Because the ocular compartment is very small compared to the overall systemic distribution of flurbiprofen, it has little effect on the steady state systemic concentrations.