Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Across the Spectrum: From Childhood to Adulthood

Abstract

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder involving dysregulation of multiple neural circuits, manifesting in symptoms such as inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Diagnosis requires onset of symptoms before age 12 years. However, symptoms often persist throughout lifetime, although they may change over time. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition formally lists the clinical criteria. Management involves pharmacologic agents, such as stimulant and/or nonstimulant medications, and providers should monitor closely for any adverse effects. Nonpharmacologic interventions may be implemented and can be used in conjunction with pharmacotherapy, although medications should be at the forefront of treatment.

Keywords: ADHD; Dysregulation; Hyperactivity; Impulsivity; Inattention; Methylphenidate; Neurodevelopmental disorder; Stimulants.