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. 2023 Jan 27;8(2):87.
doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed8020087.

Human and Livestock Surveillance Revealed the Circulation of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Agnam, Northern Senegal, 2021

Moufid Mhamadi  1   2 , Aminata Badji  3 , Mamadou Aliou Barry  4 , El Hadji Ndiaye  3 , Alioune Gaye  3 , Mignane Ndiaye  1 , Moundhir Mhamadi  5 , Cheikh Talibouya Touré  1 , Oumar Ndiaye  1   5 , Babacar Faye  2 , Boly Diop  6 , Mamadou Ndiaye  6 , Mathioro Fall  7 , Andy Mahine Diouf  1 , Samba Niang Sagne  4 , Cheikh Loucoubar  4 , Hugues Fausther-Bovendo  8 , Ara XIII  9 , Amadou Alpha Sall  1 , Gary Kobinger  9 , Ousmane Faye  1 , Mawlouth Diallo  3 , Oumar Faye  1
Affiliations

Human and Livestock Surveillance Revealed the Circulation of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Agnam, Northern Senegal, 2021

Moufid Mhamadi et al. Trop Med Infect Dis. .

Abstract

The mosquito-borne disease caused by the Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) is a viral hemorrhagic fever that affects humans and animals. In 1987, RVFV emerged in Mauritania, which caused the first RVFV outbreak in West Africa. This outbreak was shortly followed by reported cases in humans and livestock in Senegal. Animal trade practices with neighboring Mauritania suggest northern regions of Senegal are at high risk for RVF. In this study, we aim to conduct a molecular and serological survey of RVFV in humans and livestock in Agnam (northeastern Senegal) by RT-PCR (reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction) and ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), respectively. Of the two hundred fifty-five human sera, one (0.39%) tested RVFV IgM positive, while fifty-three (20.78%) tested positive for RVFV IgG. For animal monitoring, out of 30 sheep recorded and sampled over the study period, 20 (66.67%) showed seroconversion to RVFV IgG antibodies, notably during the rainy season. The presence of antibodies increased significantly with age in both groups (p < 0.05), as the force of RVF infection (FOI), increased by 16.05% per year for humans and by 80.4% per month for livestock sheep. This study supports the usefulness of setting up a One Health survey for RVF management.

Keywords: Rift Valley Fever Virus; humans; livestock; northeastern Senegal; survey.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Study sites (Idite for animal survey represented by the black dot and Agnam Civol for human survey represented by the red dot) located in Matam (colored in green) in Northern Senegal. Download from (https://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car=25271&lang=fr, accessed on 7 January 2023) and edit.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The force of infection among Agnam’s tested human population is calculated for each value of sensitivity or specificity, which is considered to be fixed. Figure 2 shows that the 95% credible intervals are represented in the grey zones. When specificity reaches 100% sensitivity is less than 100%, with the converse also being true. On the right side of the plot of Figure 2, as accuracy approaches 100%, the credible interval approaches the statistical significance of 5% from the standard binomial (vertical dashed line).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Temporal occurrence of anti-RVFV IgG among Sheep.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Force of infection (FOI) among livestock sheep. The density is determined by the proportion of individuals (sheep) contained in each age group.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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