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Review
. 2023 Feb 16;12(2):398.
doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12020398.

Photo-Antibacterial Activity of Two-Dimensional (2D)-Based Hybrid Materials: Effective Treatment Strategy for Controlling Bacterial Infection

Neetu Talreja  1 , Divya Chauhan  2 , Mohammad Ashfaq  3
Affiliations
Review

Photo-Antibacterial Activity of Two-Dimensional (2D)-Based Hybrid Materials: Effective Treatment Strategy for Controlling Bacterial Infection

Neetu Talreja et al. Antibiotics (Basel). .

Abstract

Bacterial contamination in water bodies is a severe scourge that affects human health and causes mortality and morbidity. Researchers continue to develop next-generation materials for controlling bacterial infections from water. Photo-antibacterial activity continues to gain the interest of researchers due to its adequate, rapid, and antibiotic-free process. Photo-antibacterial materials do not have any side effects and have a minimal chance of developing bacterial resistance due to their rapid efficacy. Photocatalytic two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D-NMs) have great potential for the control of bacterial infection due to their exceptional properties, such as high surface area, tunable band gap, specific structure, and tunable surface functional groups. Moreover, the optical and electric properties of 2D-NMs might be tuned by creating heterojunctions or by the doping of metals/carbon/polymers, subsequently enhancing their photo-antibacterial ability. This review article focuses on the synthesis of 2D-NM-based hybrid materials, the effect of dopants in 2D-NMs, and their photo-antibacterial application. We also discuss how we could improve photo-antibacterials by using different strategies and the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the photocatalyst and in the degradation of pollutants. Finally, we discuss was of improving the photo-antibacterial activity of 2D-NMs, the toxicity mechanism, and their challenges.

Keywords: 2D-NMs; artificial intelligence; carbon; environmental remediation; infectious disease; photo-antibacterial agent; photocatalysis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A schematic illustration of 2D-NM-based photo-antibacterial activity.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Photo-antibacterial activity of nanomaterials. The image was reproduced with permission [48].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Schematic illustration of the photo-antibacterial activity of Ag–WS2 (a) before treatment, (b) Ag–WS2 exposed to the bacteria, and (c) after treatment. The image was taken with permission [68].
Figure 4
Figure 4
SEM, TEM, EDS, and crystal structure of Ag2S, WS2, and Ag2S–WS2. (a) WS2, (b) Ag2S, (c) Ag2S–WS2, (d) TEM image of WS2, (e) TEM images of Ag2S, (f) TEM image of Ag2S–WS2, (g) morphology of Ag2S–WS2, (h) HR-TEM image of WS2, (i) HR-TEM image of Ag2S, (j) HR-TEM image of Ag2S–WS2, and (k) crystal structure of Ag2S, and WS2. The image was reproduced with permission [73].
Figure 5
Figure 5
Schematic illustration of the Ti–PPMS–BS-based photo-antibacterial activity. The image was taken with permission [82].
Figure 6
Figure 6
SEM and photographic images of the antibacterial activity of MoS2–PDA–RGD, (A) SEM images of S. aureus and (B) SEM images of E. coli, (C,D) photograph and number of colonies of S. aureus and (E,F) photograph and number of colonies of E. coli. (a) TNT, (b) MoS2, (c) MoS2-PDA, (d) MoS2-PDA-RGD, (e) TNT/NIR, (f) MoS2/NIR, (g) MoS2/PDA/NIR and (h) MoS2-PDA-RGD-NIR. The image was taken with permission [86].
Figure 7
Figure 7
A schematic illustration of the photo-thermal mechanism of Bi2S3 and Ti3C2Tx. The data was reproduced with permission [90].
Figure 8
Figure 8
Schematic illustrating the synthesis of biocompatible GO. The image was reproduced with permission [121].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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