Particle Nanoarchitectonics for Nanomedicine and Nanotherapeutic Drugs with Special Emphasis on Nasal Drugs and Aging

Abstract

Aging is a multifunctional physiological manifestation. The nasal cavity is considered a major site for easy and cost-effective drug and vaccine administration, due to high permeability, low enzymatic activity, and the presence of a high number of immunocompetent cells. This review article primarily focuses on aging genetics, physical parameters, and the use of nanoparticles as delivery systems of drugs and vaccines via the nasal cavity. Studies have identified various genes involved in centenarian and average-aged people. VEGF is a key mediator involved in angiogenesis. Different therapeutic approaches induce vascular function and angiogenesis. FOLR1 gene codes for folate receptor alpha protein that helps in regulating the transport of vitamin B folate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and folate analogs inside the cell. This gene also aids in slowing the aging process down by cellular regeneration and promotes healthy aging by reducing aging symptoms. It has been found through the literature that GATA 6, Yamanaka factors, and FOLR1 work in synchronization to induce healthy and delayed aging. The role and applications of genes including CBS, CISD, SIRT 1, and SIRT 6 play a significant role in aging.

Keywords: FOLR1; GATA6; NALT; angiogenesis; nanotherapeutics; nasal drugs; vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

Figure 9

Difference between normal blood–brain barrier showing normal occluding and claudin protein junctions, and brain tumor blood–brain barrier disturbing occluding and claudin by invading the normal cell membrane [83,98,104].

Figure 1

Structural formula of myricetin 3-O-d-galacto-pyranoside (M3G), C₂₁H₂₀O₁₃, which acts as an anti-aging chemical by reducing the activity of aging-related proteins; ERK, JNK, and MAPK [54].

Figure 2

Showing the UV light effect in changing the structure of fibroblast cells which convert normal cell lines into tumor cells via MAPK and JNK pathways [54,55].

Figure 3

Genetic structure of receptors ER-α and ER-β shows activation regions A and B, genetic linkage region C, hinge region D, Ligand-binding domain E, and binding domain F [57].

Figure 4

Factors involved in angiogenesis: exercise; hypoxia; caloric restriction; exogenous delivery of VEGF, SIRT, and Hif-alpha, which help in aging reduction [65,66].

Figure 5

Folate-containing foods, the maximum folate is present in leafy green vegetables, followed by seeds, nuts, and rice; mcg/100 g [75].

Figure 6

The pathway showing the metabolism of homocysteine to cystathionine by using vitamin B6, and resultant formation of glutathione [69].

Figure 7

Role of VEGF in different diseases such as liver injury, osteoporosis, kyphosis, sarcopenia, tumor burden, and inflammation [80,81,85,86].

Figure 8

The conversion of chitin into chitosan under the process of acylation [95].

Figure 10

Entry of DNA vaccines into the nucleic acid region for their activation as compared to mRNA vaccines for which the cytosol area is enough for activation [102,103].

Figure 11

Inhalation of vaccine through the nasal cavity, and its mechanism inside the body in immune cells [103,105,106].