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Review
. 2023 Feb 13;12(4):603.
doi: 10.3390/cells12040603.

Surgical Models of Liver Regeneration in Pigs: A Practical Review of the Literature for Researchers

Lorenzo Cinelli  1   2 , Edoardo Maria Muttillo  3 , Emanuele Felli  4 , Andrea Baiocchini  5 , Fabio Giannone  6 , Jacques Marescaux  2 , Didier Mutter  6   7 , Michel De Mathelin  8 , Sylvain Gioux  8 , Eric Felli  9 , Michele Diana  2   6   8
Affiliations
Review

Surgical Models of Liver Regeneration in Pigs: A Practical Review of the Literature for Researchers

Lorenzo Cinelli et al. Cells. .

Abstract

The remarkable capacity of regeneration of the liver is well known, although the involved mechanisms are far from being understood. Furthermore, limits concerning the residual functional mass of the liver remain critical in both fields of hepatic resection and transplantation. The aim of the present study was to review the surgical experiments regarding liver regeneration in pigs to promote experimental methodological standardization. The Pubmed, Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases were searched. Studies evaluating liver regeneration through surgical experiments performed on pigs were included. A total of 139 titles were screened, and 41 articles were included in the study, with 689 pigs in total. A total of 29 studies (71% of all) had a survival design, with an average study duration of 13 days. Overall, 36 studies (88%) considered partial hepatectomy, of which four were an associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS). Remnant liver volume ranged from 10% to 60%. Only 2 studies considered a hepatotoxic pre-treatment, while 25 studies evaluated additional liver procedures, such as stem cell application, ischemia/reperfusion injury, portal vein modulation, liver scaffold application, bio-artificial, and pharmacological liver treatment. Only nine authors analysed how cytokines and growth factors changed in response to liver resection. The most used imaging system to evaluate liver volume was CT-scan volumetry, even if performed only by nine authors. The pig represents one of the best animal models for the study of liver regeneration. However, it remains a mostly unexplored field due to the lack of experiments reproducing the chronic pathological aspects of the liver and the heterogeneity of existing studies.

Keywords: hepatotoxicity; liver diseases; liver injury; liver regeneration; liver repair.

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Conflict of interest statement

J.M. is the President of the IRCAD Institute, which is partly funded by KARL STORZ, Siemens, and Medtronic. M.D. is a member of the Board of Diagnostic Green and the recipient of the ELIOS grant, all unrelated to this work. S.G. is an employee and stockholder of Intuitive Surgical Sàrl. The other authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA flow diagram.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Anatomy of the porcine liver. Bile duct and gallbladder (green); artery (red); portal vein (blue); IVC = inferior vena cava. Dashed lines represent the limits between liver segments (Sg).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Major liver resections. The removed liver appears in grey. (a) 50% hepatectomy; (b) 70% hepatectomy; (c) 90% hepatectomy. Dashed lines represent the limits between liver segments (Sg).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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