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. 2023 Jan 18;13(2):153.
doi: 10.3390/bios13020153.

A Portable Wireless Intelligent Nanosensor for 6,7-Dihydroxycoumarin Analysis with A Black Phosphorene and Nano-Diamond Nanocomposite-Modified Electrode

Xiaoqing Li  1   2 , Lisi Wang  1 , Lijun Yan  1 , Xiao Han  1 , Zejun Zhang  1 , Xiaoping Zhang  1 , Wei Sun  1
Affiliations

A Portable Wireless Intelligent Nanosensor for 6,7-Dihydroxycoumarin Analysis with A Black Phosphorene and Nano-Diamond Nanocomposite-Modified Electrode

Xiaoqing Li et al. Biosensors (Basel). .

Abstract

In this work, a novel portable and wireless intelligent electrochemical nanosensor was developed for the detection of 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin (6,7-DHC) using a modified screen-printed electrode (SPE). Black phosphorene (BP) nanosheets were prepared via exfoliation of black phosphorus nanoplates. The BP nanosheets were then mixed with nano-diamond (ND) to prepare ND@BP nanocomposites using the self-assembly method, achieving high environmental stability. The nanocomposite was characterized by SEM, TEM, Raman, XPS and XRD. The nanocomposite was used for the modification of SPE to improve its electrochemical performances. The nanosensor displayed a wide linear range of 0.01-450.0 μmol/L with a low detection limit of 0.003 μmol/L for 6,7-DHC analysis. The portable and wireless intelligent electrochemical nanosensor was applied to detect 6,7-DHC in real drug samples by the standard addition method with satisfactory recoveries, which extends the application of BP-based nanocomposite for electroanalysis.

Keywords: 6,7-Dihydroxycoumarin; black phosphorene nanosheets; electrochemistry; nano-diamond; portable wireless intelligent electrochemical nanosensor; screen-printed electrode.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Preparation process of the electrochemical sensor (BPNPs: black phosphorus nanoplates; BP: black phosphorene; ND: nano-diamond; SPE: screen-printed electrode; WE: working electrode; RE: reference electrode; CE: counter electrode).
Figure 1
Figure 1
SEM images of BPNPs (A), ND (B), ND@BP (C). TEM images of BP (D), ND (E), and ND@BP (F) with electron diffraction patterns (inset).
Figure 2
Figure 2
XPS survey spectrum of BP and ND@BP (A); high-resolution XPS spectra of the C 1s (B) and P2p (C) signal for BP; high-resolution XPS spectra of the C 1s (D) and P 2p (E) signal for ND@BP; XRD patterns of ND, BP, and ND@BP (F); Raman spectra of (G) ND, (H) BPNPs and BP, and (I) BP and ND@BP.
Figure 3
Figure 3
EIS of (a) SPE, (b) ND/SPE, (c) BP/SPE, and (d) ND@BP/SPE in a 10.0 mmol/L [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− and 0.1 mol/L KCl mixture, with frequencies ranging from 105 to 10−2 Hz and an amplitude of 5 mV.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Relationship of Ip and υ1/2 of (A) SPE, (B) ND/SPE, (C) BP/SPE, and (D) ND@BP/SPE. Inset is the CV of different electrodes in a 1.0 mmol/L K3[Fe(CN)6] and 0.5 mol/L KCl mixture with different scan rates from 50 to 500 mV/s.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Electrochemical behaviors of 0.1 mmol/L 6,7-DHC on (a) SPE, (b) ND/SPE, (c) BP/SPE and (d) ND@BP/SPE in pH 3.0 PBS at the scan rate of 100 mV/s.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(A) DPV curves of different concentrations of 6,7-DHC from 0.01 to 450.0 µmol/L in pH 3.0 PBS; (B) Linear relationship between Ipa and 6,7-DHC concentration (n = 3).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Influence of co-existing substances for 10.0 µmol/L 6,7-DHC analysis (n = 3) for 100-fold concentrations of K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Cu2+ and 10-fold concentrations of L-cysteine, aspartic acid, glucose, urea, and uric acid.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Stability of different electrodes with successive CV scans of (A) ND/SPE, (B) BP/SPE, and (C) ND@BP/SPE (n = 3). (Inset: Multi−scan CV curves of (A) ND/SPE, (B) BP/SPE, and (C) ND@BP/SPE in 1.0 mmol/L K3[Fe(CN)6] and 0.5 mol/L KCl mixture at a scan rate of 100 mV/s.).
Figure 9
Figure 9
(A) Repeatability and (B) reproducibility of ND@BP/SPE for the detection of 0.1 mmol/L 6,7-DHC in pH 3.0 PBS at a scan rate of 100 mV/s by CV.
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