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. 2023 Feb 19;12(4):893.
doi: 10.3390/foods12040893.

Green Solvents in the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Dried Apple Cultivars

Marcela Hollá  1 , Veronika Pilařová  1 , František Švec  1 , Hana Sklenářová  1
Affiliations

Green Solvents in the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Dried Apple Cultivars

Marcela Hollá et al. Foods. .

Abstract

New extraction protocols, gas-expanded liquid extraction (GXLE), and ultrasound extraction (UE) have been optimized with an emphasis on using green solvents and maximizing the extraction of 14 selected phenolic compounds, including flavonoid-based compounds and phenolic acids from dried apples. The design of the experiments' approach was applied to optimize the main extraction parameters. Fine tuning included optimization of the flow rate in GXLE and the extraction time for GXLE and UE. Optimized GXLE was carried out with CO2-ethanol-water (34/53.8/12.2; v/v/v) at a flow rate of 3 mL/min at a temperature of 75 °C and pressure of 120 bar for 30 min. UE with ethanol-water 26/74 (v/v) lasted for 10 min at 70 °C. Both methods differed in solvent consumption and sample throughput, while providing a comparable total phenolic content of 2442 µg/g with an RSD < 10% and 2226 µg/g with RSD < 6%, for GXLE and UE, respectively. Both methods were used in determining the phenolic compounds in five apple cultivars, 'Angold', 'Artiga', 'Golden Delicious', 'Meteor', and 'Topaz'. Phenolic profiles were plotted with chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, hirsutrin, phloridzin, and guaiaverin as the main components. Statistical evaluation, including pair t-test, Bland-Altman test, and linear regression did not reveal any differences between UE and GXLE results.

Keywords: apple cultivars; carbon dioxide; extraction approaches; gas-expanded liquid extraction; greenness evaluation; polyphenols; ultrasound extraction.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
UHPLC-UV chromatogram of standards at a concentration of 10 µg/mL in MeOH–water + 0.1% formic acid (60/40, v/v) using optimized separation conditions and detected at 4 different wavelengths: 254 nm in red, 280 nm in blue, 320 nm in green, and 354 in black.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) Comparison of phenolic profiles for individual apple varieties. The sum (100%) corresponds to GXLE extracted amount. The RSDs are shown in the brackets for both TPC obtained by GXLE and UE. (B) Correlation of extracted amounts for individual compounds from each variety using GXLE and UE.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Correlation of extracted amounts for individual compounds from dried apples using GXLE and UE upon application of linear regression.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Evaluation of greenness of (A) GXLE a (B) UE plotted using AGREE software [32].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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