Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Feb 11;20(4):3205.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph20043205.

Time Pressure Affects the Risk Preference and Outcome Evaluation

Chiuhsiang Joe Lin  1 , Huiqiao Jia  1   2
Affiliations

Time Pressure Affects the Risk Preference and Outcome Evaluation

Chiuhsiang Joe Lin et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

It is ubiquitous that food delivery riders do not have unlimited periods of time for deliberation to make decisions. Time pressure plays a significant role in decision-making processes. This study investigated how time pressure affected risk preference and outcome evaluation through behavioral and electrophysiological responses during decision-making. Participants finished a simple gambling task under three different time constraint conditions (high/medium/low). Behavioral and event-related potentials (ERPs) data were recorded during the experiment. The results showed that the decision time of people was shorter under high time pressure than under medium and low time pressures. People tend to make more risky choices when under high time pressure. The feedback-related negativity (FRN) amplitude was smaller in the high time pressure than in medium and low time pressure conditions. These findings provided evidence that time pressure has an impact on the risk decision-making process.

Keywords: FRN; decision-making; outcome evaluation; risk preference; time pressure.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

All authors declare that they have no competing interests, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Single outcome gambling task.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The average decision time of different time pressures. Error bar = 95% confidence interval.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The risky ratio of different time pressures. Error bar = 95% confidence interval.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The grand average ERP waveforms of different time constraint conditions.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The average FRN amplitude (left) and latency (right) of different time pressures. Error bar = 95% confidence interval.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The average FRN amplitude (left) and latency (right) of different valences under different time pressures. Error bar = 95% confidence interval.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The average FRN amplitude (left) and latency (right) of different magnitudes under different time pressures. Error bar = 95% confidence interval.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Meituan Research Institute. [(accessed on 27 December 2022)]. Available online: https://about.meituan.com/research/report.
    1. National Bureau of Statistics, China. [(accessed on 27 December 2022)]; Available online: http://www.stats.gov.cn/
    1. Dong H., Zhong S., Xu S., Tian J., Feng Z. The Relationships between Traffic Enforcement, Personal Norms and Aggressive Driving Behaviors among Normal e-Bike Riders and Food Delivery e-Bike Riders. Transp. Policy. 2021;114:138–146. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.09.014. - DOI
    1. Klapproth F. Time and Decision Making in Humans. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 2008;8:509–524. doi: 10.3758/CABN.8.4.509. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Madan C.R., Spetch M.L., Ludvig E.A. Rapid Makes Risky: Time Pressure Increases Risk Seeking in Decisions from Experience. J. Cogn. Psychol. 2015;27:921–928. doi: 10.1080/20445911.2015.1055274. - DOI