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. 2023 Feb 15;24(4):3863.
doi: 10.3390/ijms24043863.

Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitor (FAPI)-Based Theranostics-Where We Are at and Where We Are Heading: A Systematic Review

Marko Magdi Abdou Sidrak  1 , Maria Silvia De Feo  1 , Ferdinando Corica  1 , Joana Gorica  1 , Miriam Conte  1 , Luca Filippi  2 , Orazio Schillaci  3 , Giuseppe De Vincentis  1 , Viviana Frantellizzi  1
Affiliations

Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitor (FAPI)-Based Theranostics-Where We Are at and Where We Are Heading: A Systematic Review

Marko Magdi Abdou Sidrak et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Cancer is the leading cause of death around the globe, followed by heart disease and stroke, with the highest mortality to this day. We have reached great levels of understanding of how these various types of cancer operate at a cellular level and this has brought us to what we call "precision medicine" where every diagnostic examination and the therapeutic procedure is tailored to the patient. FAPI is among the new tracers that can be used to assess and treat many types of cancer. The aim of this review was to gather all the known literature on FAPI theranostics. A MEDLINE search was conducted on four web libraries, PUBMED, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Sciences. All of the available articles that included both diagnoses and therapy with FAPI tracers were collected and put through the CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) questionnaire for systematic reviewing. A total of 8 records were deemed suitable for CASP review, ranging from 2018 to November 2022. These studies were put through the CASP diagnostic checklist, in order to assess the goal of the study, diagnostic and reference tests, results, descriptions of the patient sample, and future applications. Sample sizes were heterogeneous, both for size as well as for tumor type. Only one author studied a single type of cancer with FAPI tracers. Progression of disease was the most common outcome, and no relevant collateral effects were noted. Although FAPI theranostics is still in its infancy and lacks solid grounds to be brought into clinical practice, it does not show any collateral effects that prohibit administration to patients, thus far, and has good tolerability profiles.

Keywords: FAPI; FDG; PET; fibroblast activation; theranostics.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA flow-chart.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Chemical structures of FAPI precursors used in clinical application with nuclides in brackets [62]. Reprinted/Adapted from ref. [62].
Figure 3
Figure 3
FAPI molecules developed by the Mainz research group [63]. Reprinted/Adapted from ref. [62].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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