Potential Health Benefits of Banana Phenolic Content during Ripening by Implementing Analytical and In Silico Techniques

Abstract

Banana ranks as the fifth most cultivated agricultural crop globally, highlighting its crucial socio-economic role. The banana's health-promoting benefits are correlated with its composition in bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds. Thus, the present study attempts to evaluate the potential health benefits of banana phenolic content by combing analytical and in silico techniques. Particularly, the total phenolic content and antioxidant/antiradical activity of banana samples during ripening were determined spectrophotometrically. In parallel, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis was implemented to unravel the variations in the phenolic profile of banana samples during ripening. Chlorogenic acid emerged as a ripening marker of banana, while apigenin and naringenin were abundant in the unripe fruit. In a further step, the binding potential of the elucidated phytochemicals was examined by utilizing molecular target prediction tools. Human carbonic anhydrase II (hCA-II) and XII (hCA-XII) enzymes were identified as the most promising targets and the inhibitory affinity of phenolic compounds was predicted through molecular docking studies. This class of enzymes is linked to a variety of pathological conditions, such as edema, obesity, hypertension, cancer, etc. The results assessment indicated that all assigned phenolic compounds constitute great candidates with potential inhibitory activity against CA enzymes.

Keywords: antioxidant and antiradical capacity; banana fruit; carbonic anhydrase enzymes; in silico tools; liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); phenolic compounds; potential health benefits ripening.

Figure 1

Total phenolic content (TPC), antiradical activity (ABTS), and antioxidant activity (FRAP) of banana flesh samples during storage at 18.0 ± 0.5 ^°C.

Figure 2

Variations in the content of phenolic compounds during ripening.

Figure 3

The chemical structures of the examined phytochemicals.

Figure 4

Representative binding poses of (a) chlorogenic acid and (b) naringenin at hCA-II enzyme and (c) rosmarinic acid and (d) apigenin at hCA-XII, derived from molecular docking studies. Metal coordination, hydrogen bonds, and pi–pi interaction are depicted with grey, yellow, and blue dashed lines, respectively.