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. 2023 Feb 15;14(2):456.
doi: 10.3390/mi14020456.

Novel Microwave Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles and Appraisal of the Antibacterial Application

Rajaram Rajamohan  1 , Chaitany Jayprakash Raorane  1 , Seong-Cheol Kim  1 , Sekar Ashokkumar  2 , Yong Rok Lee  1
Affiliations

Novel Microwave Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles and Appraisal of the Antibacterial Application

Rajaram Rajamohan et al. Micromachines (Basel). .

Abstract

The exceptional characteristics of bio-synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), including high surface-to-volume ratio and high-profit strength, are of tremendous interest. CuO NPs have cytotoxic, catalytic, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. Fruit peel extract has been recommended as a valuable alternative method due to the advantages of economic prospects, environment-friendliness, improved biocompatibility, and high biological activities, such as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, as many physical and chemical methods have been applied to synthesize metal oxide NPs. In the presence of apple peel extract and microwave (MW) irradiation, CuO NPs are produced from the precursor CuCl2. 2H2O. With the help of TEM analysis, and BET surface area, the average sizes of the obtained NPs are found to be 25-40 nm. For use in antimicrobial applications, CuO NPs are appropriate. Disk diffusion tests were used to study the bactericidal impact in relation to the diameter of the inhibition zone, and an intriguing antibacterial activity was confirmed on both the Gram-positive bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Escherichia coli. Moreover, CuO NPs did not have any toxic effect on seed germination. Thus, this study provides an environmentally friendly material and provides a variety of advantages for biomedical applications and environmental applications.

Keywords: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; bacterial pathogens; metal oxide nanoparticles; microwave synthesis; seed germination.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
XRD patterns of CuO NPs.
Figure 2
Figure 2
FE-SEM images of green synthetic CuO NPs (A) for the CC 100, (B) for the CC 110, EDX spectra of CuO NPs, (C) for the CC 100, and (D) for the CC 110.
Figure 3
Figure 3
HR-TEM images of green synthetic CuO NPs (A–E) for CC 100, (G–K) for CC 110, and SAED patterns of CuO NPs (F) for CC 100, and (L) for CC 110.
Figure 4
Figure 4
XPS of (A,E) survey scan spectrum of CuO NPs of CC 100, and CC 110, (B,F) Cu 2p of CC 100, and CC 110, (C,G) C 1s of CC 100, and CC 110, and (D,H) O 1s of CC 100, and CC 110.
Figure 5
Figure 5
BET surface analysis with N2 gas adsorption-desorption isotherms of CuO NPs for CC 100 (A) and for CC 110 (E), surface area plot for CC 100 (B) and for CC 110 (F), BJH desorption pore size distribution for CC 100 (C) and for CC 110 (G), and differential pore volume plot for CC 100 (D) and for CC 110 (H).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Raman spectra of CuO NPs.
Figure 7
Figure 7
FT-IR spectra of CuO NPs for CC 100, and CC 110 (A), and expanded spectra (B).
Figure 8
Figure 8
DRS spectra of CuO NPs.
Figure 9
Figure 9
TGDTA of CuO NPs.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Antibacterial efficacy of CuO NPs with different concentrations (A, 0 µg/mL; B, 50 µg/mL; C, 100 µg/mL; D, 200 µg/mL).
Figure 11
Figure 11
Effect of CuO NPs on seed germination of R. raphanistrum (A) bar graph demonstrates the effects of CuO NPs on seedlings’ length after seven days (B).
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