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Review
. 2023 Feb 12;13(4):704.
doi: 10.3390/nano13040704.

Heterophase Polymorph of TiO2 (Anatase, Rutile, Brookite, TiO2 (B)) for Efficient Photocatalyst: Fabrication and Activity

Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy  1 , Muhamad Diki Permana  1   2   3 , Lintang Kumoro Sakti  1 , Geometry Amal Nur Sheha  1 , Solihudin  1 , Sahrul Hidayat  4 , Takahiro Takei  3 , Nobuhiro Kumada  3 , Iman Rahayu  1
Affiliations
Review

Heterophase Polymorph of TiO2 (Anatase, Rutile, Brookite, TiO2 (B)) for Efficient Photocatalyst: Fabrication and Activity

Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy et al. Nanomaterials (Basel). .

Abstract

TiO2 exists naturally in three crystalline forms: Anatase, rutile, brookite, and TiO2 (B). These polymorphs exhibit different properties and consequently different photocatalytic performances. This paper aims to clarify the differences between titanium dioxide polymorphs, and the differences in homophase, biphase, and triphase properties in various photocatalytic applications. However, homophase TiO2 has various disadvantages such as high recombination rates and low adsorption capacity. Meanwhile, TiO2 heterophase can effectively stimulate electron transfer from one phase to another causing superior photocatalytic performance. Various studies have reported the biphase of polymorph TiO2 such as anatase/rutile, anatase/brookite, rutile/brookite, and anatase/TiO2 (B). In addition, this paper also presents the triphase of the TiO2 polymorph. This review is mainly focused on information regarding the heterophase of the TiO2 polymorph, fabrication of heterophase synthesis, and its application as a photocatalyst.

Keywords: anatase; heterophase; photocatalysis; polymorph; rutile; titanium dioxide.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic diagram of TiO2 photocatalytic principle.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Crystal structure of TiO2 anatase, rutile, brookite, and TiO2 (B).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Bandgap energies, VB, and CB for anatase, rutile, and brookite on the potential scale (V) versus the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Mechanism of band gap narrowing for peroxo-titania (anatase) complex. Reproduced with permission from [140]. Copyright John Wiley and Sons, 2011.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Limitations of TiO2 as a photocatalyst material.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Mechanism of photocatalysis in anatase, rutile, and anatase–rutile heterophase.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Heterojunction of mixed-phase TiO2 nanoparticles: (a) alignment of the conduction band and valence band between the rutile and anatase phases, which causes the separation of electron holes at the heterojunction; and (b) heterojunction density variations during the transformation of the anatase phase to rutile.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Interface formation between rutile (110) and anatase (101) before and after the cooling steps. Reproduced with permission from [206]. Copyright American Chemical Society, 2007.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Absorption spectra of anatase (A), rutile I, multilayer films before (A/Am/R) and after (A/R) heat treatment at 500 °C for 10 h. Inset: Tauc plots showing approximate bandgap energy values of the A,R crystalline phases. Reproduced with permission from [209]. Copyright John Wiley and Sons, 2014.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Schematic of sol–gel method to produce anatase/rutile heterophase.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Schematic of hydrothermal method to produce anatase/rutile heterophase.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Schematic of sonochemical method to produce anatase/rutile heterophase.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Schematic diagram illustrating the charge transfer across the TiO2 (B)/anatase heterophase junction.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Possible connection model of the mixed phase at the phase interface.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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