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. 2023 Feb 25;31(1):10.
doi: 10.1186/s13049-023-01073-1.

Development of outcomes for evaluating emergency care triage: a Delphi approach

André Johansson  1 , Anna Ekwall  2 , Jakob Lundager Forberg  3   4 , Ulf Ekelund  4
Affiliations

Development of outcomes for evaluating emergency care triage: a Delphi approach

André Johansson et al. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. .

Abstract

Background: Triage is used as standard of care for prioritization and identification of time-critical patients in the emergency department (ED) globally, but it is unclear what outcomes should be used to evaluate triage. Currently used outcomes do not include important time-critical diagnoses and conditions.

Method: We used 18 Swedish triage experts to collect and assess outcomes for the evaluation of 5-level triage systems. The experts suggested 68 outcomes which were then tested through a modified Delphi approach in three rounds. The outcomes aimed to identify correctly prioritized red patients (in need of a resuscitation team), and orange patients (other time critical conditions). Consensus was pre-defined as 70% dichotomized (positive/negative) concordance.

Results: Diagnoses, interventions, mortality, level of care and lab results were included in the outcomes. Positive consensus was reached for 49 outcomes and negative consensus for 7 outcomes, with an 83% response rate. The five most approved outcomes were the interventions Percutaneous coronary intervention, Surgical airway and Massive transfusion together with the diagnoses Tension pneumothorax and Intracerebral hemorrhage that received specific interventions. The outcomes with the clearest disapproval included Admittance to a ward, Treatment with antihistamines and The ordering of a head computed tomography scan. The outcomes were considered valid only if occurring in or from the ED.

Conclusion: This study proposes a standard of 49 outcomes divided into two sets tied to red and orange priority respectively, to be used when evaluating 5-level priority triage systems; Lund Outcome Set for Evaluation of Triage (LOSET). The proposed outcomes include diagnoses, interventions and laboratory results. Before widespread implementation of LOSET, prospective testing is needed, preferably at multiple sites.

Keywords: Emergency care; Outcome measures; Outcome set; Reference standard; Risk assessment; Triage.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Outcome question without a specified time-frame, followed by a question regarding time-frame
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Outcome question with the time-frame included in the definition of the outcome
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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