The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in neuronal signaling in depression and cognitive processes

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate research findings on the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in neuronal signaling. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the building blocks of the brain and are responsible for the proper functioning of neurons, synapses, and neuronal communication. The deficiency of a significant component, omega-3 (ω-3) FA, in favor of omega-6 (ω-6) FA can exacerbate the course of mental illness and be one of the triggers of the cascade of neurodegenerative changes. PUFAs play an essential role in transmitting neuronal signals, affecting brain homeostasis. Physicochemical parameters of lipid layers significantly affect their functioning; interactions between lipids and proteins in brain cells are critical for mechanical stability and maintaining adequate elasticity for vesicle budding and membrane fusion. This paper discusses the role of PUFA deficiency or inappropriate ratios in brain tissue. The deficiency is a crucial element in depressive disorders and cognitive impairment, while in Alzheimer's disease, there is some controversy.

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Cognition; Depression; Neurotransmission; Omega-3; Omega-6; PUFAs; Synaptic plasticity.