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. 2023 Feb 21;63(1):18-29.
doi: 10.5334/pb.1160. eCollection 2023.

Prevalence of Insomnia and Sleep Habits during the First and Second Wave of COVID-19 in Belgium

Aurore Roland  1   2 , Clara Colomb  3 , Stéphane Noël  4 , Arcady Putilov  5 , Halszka Oginska  6 , Bérénice Delwiche  1   7 , Oumaima Benkirane  8 , Maxime Windal  1   8 , Nathalie Vanlaer  1   2 , Giovanni Briganti  3   8   9 , Judith Carrasquer-Ferrer  3 , Behrouz Riahi  3 , Charles Konreich  3   8 , Daniel Neu  8   10 , Johan Newell  3 , Olivier Vermylen  3 , Philippe Peigneux  8 , Nathalie Pattyn  1   11 , Johan Verbraecken  12   13 , Ilse De Volder  12   13 , Tim Vantilborgh  1 , Joeri Hofmans  1 , Martine Van Puyvelde  1   11 , Olivier Mairesse  1
Affiliations

Prevalence of Insomnia and Sleep Habits during the First and Second Wave of COVID-19 in Belgium

Aurore Roland et al. Psychol Belg. .

Abstract

Belgium has one of the highest numbers of COVID-19 cases per 1 million inhabitants. The pandemic has led to significant societal changes with repercussions on sleep and on mental health. We aimed to investigate the effect of the first and the second wave of COVID-19 on the sleep of the Belgian populationWe launched two online questionnaires, one during the first lockdown (7240 respondents) and one during the second (3240 respondents), to test differences in self-reported clinical insomnia (as measured by the Insomnia Severity Index) and sleep habits during the two lockdowns in comparison with the pre-COVID period. The number of persons with clinical insomnia rose during the first lockdown (19.22%) and further during the second (28.91%) in comparison with pre-lockdown (7.04-7.66%). Bed and rise times were delayed and there was an increased time in bed and sleep onset latency. There was further a decrease in total sleep time and in sleep efficiency during both confinements. The prevalence of clinical insomnia quadrupled during the second wave in comparison with the pre-lockdown situation. Sleep habits were most altered in the younger population, indicating a greater risk for this group to develop a sleep-wake rhythm disorder.

Keywords: COVID-19; insomnia; pandemic; sleep; sleep habits.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no competing interests to declare.

Figures

Age Differences in Bed and Rise Times
Figure 1
Age Differences in Bed and Rise Times. Note: y = years; pre = pre-lockdown; peri = peri-lockdown; SOL = sleep onset latency; SPT = sleep period time (A) Results of the first questionnaire comparing the pre-covid situation with the first lockdown. (B) Results of the second questionnaire comparing the pre-covid situation with the second lockdown.
Prevalence of Clinical Insomnia
Figure 2
Prevalence of Clinical Insomnia. Note: (A) Pre-lockdown prevalences from the first questionnaire. (B) Peri-lockdown prevalences from the first questionnaire. (C) Pre-lockdown prevalences from the second questionnaire. (D) Peri-lockdown prevalences from the second questionnaire.
Insomnia Severity Index Scores
Figure 3
Insomnia Severity Index Scores. Note: (A) Results of the first questionnaire comparing the pre-covid situation with the first lockdown. (B) Results of the second questionnaire comparing the pre-covid situation with the second lockdown.
Effect of the Pandemic on Bedtime, Sleep Onset Latency and Rise Time
Figure 4
Effect of the Pandemic on Bedtime, Sleep Onset Latency and Rise Time. Note: SOL = sleep onset latency; SPT = sleep period time A) Results of the first questionnaire comparing the pre-covid situation with the first lockdown. (B) Results of the second questionnaire comparing the pre-covid situation with the second lockdown.
Effect of the Pandemic on Total Sleeping Time, Time in Bed and Sleep Efficiency
Figure 5
Effect of the Pandemic on Total Sleeping Time, Time in Bed and Sleep Efficiency. Note: (A) Results of the first questionnaire comparing the pre-covid situation with the first lockdown. (B) Results of the second questionnaire comparing the pre-covid situation with the second lockdown.
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