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. 2023 Feb 9:11:1134948.
doi: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1134948. eCollection 2023.

Direct mass spectrometry analysis of biological tissue for diagnosis of thyroid cancer using wooden-tip electrospray ionization

Dasheng Liu  1 , Yuejian Shen  2 , Dandan Di  3   4 , Shenhui Cai  3 , Xueyang Huang  1 , Hongguo Lin  1 , Yalan Huang  1 , Jing Xue  5 , Li Liu  6 , Bin Hu  3
Affiliations

Direct mass spectrometry analysis of biological tissue for diagnosis of thyroid cancer using wooden-tip electrospray ionization

Dasheng Liu et al. Front Chem. .

Abstract

Direct mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of human tissue at the molecular level could gain insight into biomarker discovery and disease diagnosis. Detecting metabolite profiles of tissue sample play an important role in understanding the pathological properties of disease development. Because the complex matrices in tissue samples, complicated and time-consuming sample preparation processes are usually required by conventional biological and clinical MS methods. Direct MS with ambient ionization technique is a new analytical strategy for direct sample analysis with little sample preparation, and has been proven to be a simple, rapid, and effective analytical tools for direct analysis of biological tissues. In this work, we applied a simple, low-cost, disposable wooden tip (WT) for loading tiny thyroid tissue, and then loading organic solvents to extract biomarkers under electrospray ionization (ESI) condition. Under such WT-ESI, the extract of thyroid was directly sprayed out from wooden tip to MS inlet. In this work, thyroid tissue from normal and cancer parts were analyzed by the established WT-ESI-MS, showing lipids were mainly detectable compounds in thyroid tissue. The MS data of lipids obtained from thyroid tissues were further analyzed with MS/MS experiment and multivariate variable analysis, and the biomarkers of thyroid cancer were also investigated.

Keywords: ambient mass spectrometry; electrospray ionization; thyroid cancer; tissue analysis; wooden tip.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer BY declared a past co-authorship with the authors BH to the handling editor.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
(A) WT-ESI-MS analysis of tissue sample; (B) normal thyroid tissue, (C) thyroid cancer tissue, irregular papillary structure, covered with a layer of neoplastic follicular epithelium with characteristic nuclear changes.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Mass spectra obtained by direct tissue analysis using WT-ESI-MS: (A) normal thyroid tissue, (B) cancer thyroid tissue.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
MS/MS spectra of adduct ions of typical lipids obtained by WT-ESI-MS: (A) [PC(34:1)+K]+, (B) [PC(34:1)+Na]+, (C) [PC(36:3)+K]+.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
(A) PCA analysis and (B) PLS-DA analysis of MS data obtained from normal and cancer thyroid tissue samples.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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