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Review
. 2023 Feb 27;2(2):CD010003.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010003.pub2.

Splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome

Teemu V Karjalainen  1   2 , Vieda Lusa  3 , Matthew J Page  4 , Denise O'Connor  5 , Nicola Massy-Westropp  6 , Susan E Peters  7
Affiliations
Review

Splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome

Teemu V Karjalainen et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a compression neuropathy of the median nerve causing pain and numbness and tingling typically in the thumb, index and middle finger. It sometimes results in muscle wasting, diminished sensitivity and loss of dexterity. Splinting the wrist (with or without the hand) using an orthosis is usually offered to people with mild-to-moderate findings, but its effectiveness remains unclear.

Objectives: To assess the effects (benefits and harms) of splinting for people with CTS.

Search methods: On 12 December 2021, we searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, and WHO ICTRP with no limitations. We checked the reference lists of included studies and relevant systematic reviews for studies.

Selection criteria: Randomised trials were included if the effect of splinting could be isolated from other treatment modalities. The comparisons included splinting versus no active treatment (or placebo), splinting versus another disease-modifying non-surgical treatment, and comparisons of different splint-wearing regimens. We excluded studies comparing splinting with surgery or one splint design with another. We excluded participants if they had previously undergone surgical release.

Data collection and analysis: Review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, extracted data, assessed study risk of bias and the certainty in the body of evidence for primary outcomes using the GRADE approach, according to standard Cochrane methodology.

Main results: We included 29 trials randomising 1937 adults with CTS. The trials ranged from 21 to 234 participants, with mean ages between 42 and 60 years. The mean duration of CTS symptoms was seven weeks to five years. Eight studies with 523 hands compared splinting with no active intervention (no treatment, sham-kinesiology tape or sham-laser); 20 studies compared splinting (or splinting delivered along with another non-surgical intervention) with another non-surgical intervention; and three studies compared different splinting regimens (e.g. night-time only versus full time). Trials were generally at high risk of bias for one or more domains, including lack of blinding (all included studies) and lack of information about randomisation or allocation concealment in 23 studies. For the primary comparison, splinting compared to no active treatment, splinting may provide little or no benefits in symptoms in the short term (< 3 months). The mean Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) Symptom Severity Scale (SSS) (scale 1 to 5, higher is worse; minimal clinically important difference (MCID) 1 point) was 0.37 points better with splint (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82 better to 0.08 worse; 6 studies, 306 participants; low-certainty evidence) compared with no active treatment. Removing studies with high or unclear risk of bias due to lack of randomisation or allocation concealment supported our conclusion of no important effect (mean difference (MD) 0.01 points worse with splint; 95% CI 0.20 better to 0.22 worse; 3 studies, 124 participants). In the long term (> 3 months), we are uncertain about the effect of splinting on symptoms (mean BCTQ SSS 0.64 better with splinting; 95% CI 1.2 better to 0.08 better; 2 studies, 144 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Splinting probably does not improve hand function in the short term and may not improve hand function in the long term. In the short term, the mean BCTQ Functional Status Scale (FSS) (1 to 5, higher is worse; MCID 0.7 points) was 0.24 points better (95% CI 0.44 better to 0.03 better; 6 studies, 306 participants; moderate-certainty evidence) with splinting compared with no active treatment. In the long term, the mean BCTQ FSS was 0.25 points better (95% CI 0.68 better to 0.18 worse; 1 study, 34 participants; low-certainty evidence) with splinting compared with no active treatment. Night-time splinting may result in a higher rate of overall improvement in the short term (risk ratio (RR) 3.86, 95% CI 2.29 to 6.51; 1 study, 80 participants; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 2, 95% CI 2 to 2; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain if splinting decreases referral to surgery, RR 0.47 (95% CI 0.14 to 1.58; 3 studies, 243 participants; very low-certainty evidence). None of the trials reported health-related quality of life. Low-certainty evidence from one study suggests that splinting may have a higher rate of adverse events, which were transient, but the 95% CIs included no effect. Seven of 40 participants (18%) reported adverse effects in the splinting group and 0 of 40 participants (0%) in the no active treatment group (RR 15.0, 95% CI 0.89 to 254.13; 1 study, 80 participants). There was low- to moderate-certainty evidence for the other comparisons: splinting may not provide additional benefits in symptoms or hand function when given together with corticosteroid injection (moderate-certainty evidence) or with rehabilitation (low-certainty evidence); nor when compared with corticosteroid (injection or oral; low certainty), exercises (low certainty), kinesiology taping (low certainty), rigid taping (low certainty), platelet-rich plasma (moderate certainty), or extracorporeal shock wave treatment (moderate certainty). Splinting for 12 weeks may not be better than six weeks, but six months of splinting may be better than six weeks of splinting in improving symptoms and function (low-certainty evidence).

Authors' conclusions: There is insufficient evidence to conclude whether splinting benefits people with CTS. Limited evidence does not exclude small improvements in CTS symptoms and hand function, but they may not be clinically important, and the clinical relevance of small differences with splinting is unclear. Low-certainty evidence suggests that people may have a greater chance of experiencing overall improvement with night-time splints than no treatment. As splinting is a relatively inexpensive intervention with no plausible long-term harms, small effects could justify its use, particularly when patients are not interested in having surgery or injections. It is unclear if a splint is optimally worn full time or at night-time only and whether long-term use is better than short-term use, but low-certainty evidence suggests that the benefits may manifest in the long term.

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Conflict of interest statement

TVK declares no conflicts of interests in this review. As a consultant in hand surgery, he frequently sees and treats people with carpal tunnel syndrome in a public hospital (salaried position). He also receives remuneration for private practice.

VL declares no conflicts of interests in this review.

MJP declares no conflicts of interests in this review.

NMW declares no conflicts of interests in this review. She is an Interplast Australia Volunteer presenter of hand therapy and anatomy webinars and direct hand therapy training and a volunteer research advocacy and education committee member for Arthritis South Australia, volunteer research committee member for Australian Hand Therapy Association.

DOC declares no conflicts of interests in this review. She is an Editor, Cochrane EPOC, Director, Cochrane EPOC Australasian Satellite and Editor, Cochrane Musculoskeletal.

SEP declares no conflicts of interests in this review.

Figures

1
1
1 ‐ reasons for exclusion: in 5 studies the effect of splinting cannot be isolated from that of the other intervention delivered alongside it; in 29 studies splint applied to each study group; 7 studies compare treatment methods which we defined as not relevant for this review; 5 studies were not a randomised trial
2
2
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: SPLINT VERSUS NO ACTIVE TREATMENT, Outcome 1: CTS symptoms (BCTQ)
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: SPLINT VERSUS NO ACTIVE TREATMENT, Outcome 2: Function (BCTQ)
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: SPLINT VERSUS NO ACTIVE TREATMENT, Outcome 3: Overall improvement
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: SPLINT VERSUS NO ACTIVE TREATMENT, Outcome 4: Adverse effects
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: SPLINT VERSUS NO ACTIVE TREATMENT, Outcome 5: Referral for surgery
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: SPLINT VERSUS CORTICOSTEROID INJECTION, Outcome 1: CTS symptoms
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: SPLINT VERSUS CORTICOSTEROID INJECTION, Outcome 2: Function (BCTQ)
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: SPLINT VERSUS CORTICOSTEROID INJECTION, Outcome 3: Overall improvement
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: SPLINT VERSUS CORTICOSTEROID INJECTION, Outcome 4: Health‐related quality of life
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: SPLINT VERSUS CORTICOSTEROID INJECTION, Outcome 5: Adverse effects
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: SPLINT VERSUS CORTICOSTEROID INJECTION, Outcome 6: Referral for surgery
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: SPLINT VERSUS ORAL STEROID, Outcome 1: CTS symptoms (BCTQ)
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: SPLINT VERSUS ORAL STEROID, Outcome 2: Function (BCTQ)
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: SPLINT VERSUS ORAL STEROID, Outcome 3: Adverse effects
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: SPLINT PLUS CORTICOSTEROID INJECTION VERSUS CORTICOSTEROID INJECTION, Outcome 1: CTS symptoms (BCTQ)
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: SPLINT PLUS CORTICOSTEROID INJECTION VERSUS CORTICOSTEROID INJECTION, Outcome 2: Function (BCTQ)
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: SPLINT PLUS CORTICOSTEROID INJECTION VERSUS CORTICOSTEROID INJECTION, Outcome 3: Overall improvement
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: SPLINT VERSUS EXERCISE, Outcome 1: CTS symptoms (BCTQ)
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: SPLINT VERSUS EXERCISE, Outcome 2: Function (BCTQ)
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: STRETCHING SPLINT VERSUS STRETCHING EXERCISES, Outcome 1: Referral for surgery
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: SPLINT VERSUS KINESIOLOGY TAPING, Outcome 1: CTS symptoms (BCTQ)
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: SPLINT VERSUS KINESIOLOGY TAPING, Outcome 2: Function (BCTQ)
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: SPLINT VERSUS RIGID TAPE, Outcome 1: CTS symptoms (BCTQ)
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8: SPLINT VERSUS RIGID TAPE, Outcome 2: Function (BCTQ)
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9: SPLINT VERSUS PLATELET RICH PLASMA (PRP), Outcome 1: CTS symptoms (BCTQ)
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9: SPLINT VERSUS PLATELET RICH PLASMA (PRP), Outcome 2: Function (BCTQ)
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10: SPLINT VERSUS EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE THERAPY (ESWT), Outcome 1: CTS symptoms (BCTQ)
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10: SPLINT VERSUS EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE THERAPY (ESWT), Outcome 2: Function (BCTQ)
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11: DYNAMIC SPLINT PLUS REHABILITATION VERSUS REHABILITATION, Outcome 1: CTS symptoms (BCTQ)
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11: DYNAMIC SPLINT PLUS REHABILITATION VERSUS REHABILITATION, Outcome 2: Function (BCTQ)
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12: SPLINT SIX WEEKS VERSUS SPLINT 12 WEEKS, Outcome 1: CTS symptoms (BCTQ)
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12: SPLINT SIX WEEKS VERSUS SPLINT 12 WEEKS, Outcome 2: Function (BCTQ)
12.3
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12: SPLINT SIX WEEKS VERSUS SPLINT 12 WEEKS, Outcome 3: Referral for surgery
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13: SPLINT SIX WEEKS VERSUS SPLINT SIX MONTHS, Outcome 1: CTS symptoms (BCTQ)
13.2
13.2. Analysis
Comparison 13: SPLINT SIX WEEKS VERSUS SPLINT SIX MONTHS, Outcome 2: Function (BCTQ)
13.3
13.3. Analysis
Comparison 13: SPLINT SIX WEEKS VERSUS SPLINT SIX MONTHS, Outcome 3: Referral for surgery
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14: NIGHT‐TIME SPLINTING VERSUS FULL‐TIME SPLINTING, Outcome 1: CTS symptoms (BCTQ)
14.2
14.2. Analysis
Comparison 14: NIGHT‐TIME SPLINTING VERSUS FULL‐TIME SPLINTING, Outcome 2: Function (BCTQ)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Akturk 2018 {published data only}
    1. Aktürk S, Büyükavcı R, Aslan Ö, Ersoy Y. Comparison of splinting and Kinesio taping in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a prospective randomized study. Clinical Rheumatology 2018;37(9):2465-9. - PubMed
Boonhong 2017 {published data only}
    1. Boonhong J, Panyasriwanit S. Neutral wrist splint for mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome. Chulalongkorn Medical Journal 2017;61(2):151-63.
    1. Panyasriwanit S. Combination of wrist splint and conventional treatment vs conventional treatment alone in carpal tunnel syndrome. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2013;94(10):e63.
    1. TCTR20160209001. Three-month neutral wrist splint in mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=TCTR20160209001 (first received 9 February 2016).
Chesterton 2018 {published data only}
    1. Burton CL, Rathod-Mistry T, Blagojevic-Bucknall M, Chesterton LS, Davenport G, Dziedzic KS, et al. P143 The clinical and cost-effectiveness of corticosteroid injection versus night splints for carpal tunnel syndrome: 24-month follow-up of an open-label, parallel group, randomised controlled trial. Rheumatology 2020;59(Suppl_2):111.138.
    1. Chesterton LS, Blagojevic-Bucknall M, Burton C, Dziedzic KS, Davenport G, Jowett SM, et al. The clinical and cost-effectiveness of corticosteroid injection versus night splints for carpal tunnel syndrome (INSTINCTS trial): an open-label, parallel group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2018;392(10156):1423-33. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Chesterton LS, Dziedzic KS, Van der Windt DA, Davenport G, Myers HL, Rathod T, et al. The clinical and cost effectiveness of steroid injection compared with night splints for carpal tunnel syndrome: the INSTINCTS randomised clinical trial study protocol. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2016;17(1):1-11. - PMC - PubMed
    1. EUCTR2013-001435-48-GB. Injections versus splints in carpal tunnel syndrome. clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2013-001435-48/results (first received 3 June 2013).
    1. ISRCTN09392969. The clinical and cost effectiveness of a steroid injection versus a night splint for carpal tunnel syndrome. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN09392969 (first received 1 May 2014).
De Entrambasaguas 2006 {published data only}
    1. De Entrambasaguas M, Mañez I, Girona G, Lopez-Santoveña F, Poyatos YJ. Steroid injection, wrist splinting and phonophoresis in carpal tunnel syndrome [Infiltracion de esteroides, ferula de muneca fonoforesis en el syndrome del tunel carpiano]. Rehabilitacion 2006;40(4):193-200.
De Moraes 2021 {published data only}
    1. De Moraes VY, Queiroz J, Raduan-Neto J, Fernandes M, Okamura A, Belloti JC. Nonsurgical treatment for symptomatic carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized clinical trial comparing local corticosteroid injection versus night orthosis. Journal of Hand Surgery 2021;46(4):P295-300.e1. [CLINICALTRIALS: NCT03196817] - PubMed
    1. NCT03196817. Non-surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: night splint versus local corticosteroid infiltration. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03196817 (first received 23 June 2017).
Eraslan 2014 {published data only}
    1. Eraslan L, Yuce D, Kermalli AM, Baltaci G. Comparison of short-term effects of rigid tape and night splint on pain and function in patient with carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Türk Fizyoterapi ve Rebilitasyon Dergisi 2014;25(1):8-15.
Gatheridge 2020 {published data only}
    1. Gatheridge MA, Sholty EA, Inman A, Pattillo M, Mindrup F, Sanderson DL. Splinting in carpal tunnel syndrome: the optimal duration. Military Medicine 2020;185(11-12):e2049-54. - PubMed
Geler Kulcu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Geler Kulcu D, Bursali C, Aktas I, Bozkurt Alp S, Unlu Ozkan F, Akpinar P. Kinesiotaping as an alternative treatment method for carpal tunnel syndrome. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2016;46(4):1042-9. - PubMed
Hall 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hall B, Lee HC, Fitzgerald H, Byrne B, Barton A, Lee AH. Investigating the effectiveness of full-time wrist splinting and education in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 2013;67(4):448-59. - PubMed
Jaladat 2017 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2015061522753N1. Effects of wrist limited dynamic splint on carpal tunnel syndrome. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2015061522753N1 (first received 22 Feb 2015).
    1. Jaladat SM, Abdolvahab M, Moghadam BA, Ashraf A, Jalili M, Baghestani A. The effectiveness of limited dynamic wrist splints on the symptoms, function, and strength of women with carpal tunnel syndrome: a controlled trial study. Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences and Research 2017;1(4):1-5.
Kocaoglu 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kocaoglu S, Esmer A, Okumus M, Ozturk E, Kaygisiz F, Demir G. The kinesio taping, local anesthetic/steroid injection and splinting in the treatment of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: a clinical and electrophysiological study. Osteoporosis International 2017;28(Suppl 1):S447.
Madjdinasab 2008 {published data only}
    1. Madjdinasab N, Zadeh NS, Assarzadegan F, Ali AM, Pipelzadeh M. Efficacy comparison of splint and oral steroid therapy in nerve conduction velocity and latency median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2008;24(5):725-8. [EMBASE: 2008533657]
Manente 2001 {published data only}
    1. Manente G, Torrieri F, Di Blasio F, Staniscia T, Romano F, Uncini A. An innovative hand brace for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Muscle & Nerve 2001;24(8):1020-5. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Mishra 2006 {published data only}
    1. Mishra S, Prabhakar S, Lal V, Modi M, Das CP, Khurana D. Efficacy of splinting and oral steroids in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a prospective randomized clinical and electrophysiological study. Neurology India 2006;54(3):286-90. - PubMed
Oncu 2014 {published data only}
    1. Oncu J, Iliser R, Koymen Yilmaz F, Kuran B. Efficacy of kinesiotaping on symptoms, hand functions, and hand grip strength in carpal tunnel syndrome: a single-blind and randomized controlled study. Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 2014;60(Suppl 1):S43-51.
Premoselli 2006 {published data only}
    1. Premoselli S, Sioli P, Grossi A, Cerri C. Neutral wrist splinting in carpal tunnel syndrome: a 3- and 6-month clinical and neurophysiologic follow-up evaluation of night-only splint therapy. Europa Medicophysica 2006;42(2):121-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Rioja Toro 2012 {published data only}
    1. Rioja Toro J, Estévez Poy PJ, Martínez Pardo F. A prospective, randomized and placebo controlled study of the efficacy of treatment with laser, with or without splinting of wrist in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. Rehabilitacion 2012;46(2):92-102.
Sanaee 2017 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2013091814704N1. Effectiveness of long term using of splinting in severe CTS. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2013091814704N1 (first received 17 May 2015).
    1. Sanaee S, Roshanzamir S, Homayounee K. Efficacy of long-term splinting in the treatment of severe carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 2017;20(02):1750013.
Schmid 2012 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12611000690954. The effect of splinting and exercises on swelling of the nerve in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12611000690954.aspx (first received 7 July 2011).
    1. Schmid AB, Elliott JM, Strudwick MW, Little M, Coppieters MW. Effect of splinting and exercise on intraneural edema of the median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome - an MRI study to reveal therapeutic mechanisms. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2012;30(8):1343-50. - PubMed
Sevim 2004 {published data only}
    1. Sevim S, Dogu O, Camdeviren H, Kaleagasi H, Aral M, Arslan E, et al. Long-term effectiveness of steroid injections and splinting in mild and moderate carpal tunnel syndrome. Neurological Sciences 2004;25(2):48-52. [PMID: ] - PubMed
So 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT02140632. Efficacy study of local steroid injection and wrist splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02140632 (first received 16 May 2014).
    1. So H, Chung V, Cheng J, Yip ML. Local steroid injection versus wrist splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2017;76(Suppl 2):998–9. - PubMed
    1. So H, Chung V. Local steroid injection versus wrist splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized clinical trial and a qualitative exploration. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2015;74:1218. - PubMed
    1. So H, Chung VCH, Cheng JCK, Yip RML. Local steroid injection versus wrist splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases 2018;21(1):102–7. - PubMed
Taspinar 2007 {published data only}
    1. Taşpınar Ş, Şahin F, Erçalık C, Kuran B, Barkut K, Çelik M, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of corticosteroid injection, night splint, and physiotherapy in diabetic carpal tunnel syndrome [Diyabetik karpal tünel sendromunda kortikosteroid enjeksiyonu, gece ateli ve fizik tedavinin etkinliğinin karşılaştırılması]. Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007;53(2):54-60.
Ulucakoy 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ulucaköy RK, Yurdakul FG, Bodur H. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy as a conservative treatment option for carpal tunnel syndrome: a double-blind, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2020;66(4):388–97. - PMC - PubMed
Walker 2000 {published data only}
    1. Walker WC, Metzler M, Cifu DX, Swartz Z. Neutral wrist splinting in carpal tunnel syndrome: a comparison of night-only versus full-time wear instructions. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000;81(4):424-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Wang 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT02708693. Efficacy of combined ultrasound guided steroid injection and splinting in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02708693 (first received 15 March 2016).
    1. Wang JC, Liao KK, Lin KP, Chou CL, Yang TF, Huang YF, et al. Efficacy of combined ultrasound-guided steroid injection and splinting in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2017;98(5):947-56. - PubMed
Werner 2005 {published data only}
    1. Werner RA, Franzblau A, Gell N. Randomized controlled trial of nocturnal splinting for active workers with symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005;86(1):1-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Willis 2016 {published data only}
    1. NCT00558116. Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with dynamic splinting. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00558116 (first received 14 Nov 2007).
    1. Willis FB, Fowler B. Longitudinal outcomes following a randomized controlled trial of dynamic splint stretching for carpal tunnel syndrome. Hand 2016;11(3):290-4. - PMC - PubMed
Wu 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT02539186. The effect of platelet rich plasma for carpal tunnel syndrome. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02539186 (first received 2 Sep 2015).
    1. Wu YT, Ho TY, Chou YC, Ke MJ, Li TY, Huang GS, et al. Six-month efficacy of platelet-rich plasma for carpal tunnel syndrome: a prospective randomized, single-blind controlled trial. Scientific Reports 2017;7(1):94. - PMC - PubMed
Yazdanpanah 2012 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2012110210799N3. Efficacy of steroid injection and wrist splint in carpal tunnel syndrome. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2012110210799N3 (first received 12 Feb 2013).
    1. Yazdanpanah P, Aramesh ST, Malekzadeh JM, Rahimipour SH. Comparison efficacy of triamcinolone and wrist splint in severe carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnancy. Gynecology & Obstetrics 2012;2(5):134.

References to studies excluded from this review

Akalin 2002 {published data only}
    1. Akalin E, El O, Peker O, Senocak O, Tamci S, Gülbahar S, et al. Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with nerve and tendon gliding exercises. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2002;81(2):108-13. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Arinci Incel 2005 {published data only}
    1. Arinci Incel N, Sezgin M, Aksit C, Sahin G. Effect of gabapentin in carpal tunnel syndrome: a controlled clinical trial [Karpal tunnel sendromunda gabapentin tedavisinin etkinligi: karsilastirmali klinik calisma]. Journal of Rheumatology and Medical Rehabilitation 2005;16(4):224-30. [EMBASE: 2007022406]
Asgari 2020 {published data only}
    1. Asgari MR, Mosaviinejad SS, Ebrahimian A, Aminianfar A, Ghorbani R, Babamohamadi H. The effects of acupressure on the symptoms severity and function status and electrodiagnostic findings in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2020;51:102420. - PubMed
    1. IRCT201609178717N4. The effect of acupressure in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201609178717N4 (first received 24 Oct 2016).
Bagheri 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bagheri A, Reisi M, Vahab Kashani R. Comparison of therapeutic effects of dorsal wrist splint with cockup splint in carpal tunnel syndrome based on median sensory nerve conduction measurements. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2011;13(3(39)):42-7.
    1. IRCT138903224157N1. Effect of splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT138903224157N1 (first received 5 Mar 2009).
Baker 2012 {published data only}
    1. Baker NA, Moehling K, Rubinstein E, Gustafson N, Baratz M. Lumbrical splinting and stretching versus standard treatment on grip, pinch, and dexterity in people with carpal tunnel syndrome. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2012;64:S1025-6.
    1. Baker NA, Moehling KK, Rubinstein EN, Wollstein R, Gustafson NP, Baratz M. The comparative effectiveness of combined lumbrical muscle splints and stretches on symptoms and function in carpal tunnel syndrome. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2012;93(1):1-10. - PubMed
    1. NCT00803257. Effect of lumbrical stretching on carpal tunnel syndrome. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00803257 (first received 5 Dec 2008).
Bardak 2009 {published data only}
    1. Bardak AN, Alp M, Erhan B, Paker N, Kaya B, Onal AE. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of conservative treatment in the management of carpal tunnel syndrome. Advances in Therapy 2009;26(1):107-16. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Baysal 2006 {published data only}
    1. Baysal O, Altay Z, Ozcan C, Ertem K, Yologlu S, Kayhan A. Comparison of three conservative treatment protocols in carpal tunnel syndrome. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2006;60(7):820-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Bilgici 2010 {published data only}
    1. Biligici A, Ulusoy H, Canturk F. The comparison of ultrasound treatment and local steroid injection plus splinting in the carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Bratislavske Lekarske Listy 2010;111(12):659-65. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Brininger 2007 {published data only}
    1. Brininger TL, Rogers JC, Holm MB, Baker NA, Li ZM, Goitz RJ. Efficacy of a fabricated customized splint and tendon and nerve gliding exercises for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007;88(11):1429-35. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. NCT00336622. Efficacy of wrist/hand splints and tendon/nerve gliding exercises for carpal tunnel syndrome: a RCT. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00336622 (first received 14 June 2006).
Bulut 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bulut GT, Caglar NS, Aytekin E, Ozgonenel L, Tutun S, Demir SE. Comparison of static wrist splint with static wrist and metacarpophalangeal splint in carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 2015;28(4):761-7. - PubMed
Burke 1994 {published data only}
    1. Burke DT, Burke MM, Stewart GW, Cambre A. Splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome: in search of the optimal angle. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1994;75(11):1241-4. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Bye 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bye R, Hajiaqai B, Frorough B. Comparison between efficacy of manu splint and cock-up splint in carpal tunnel syndrome treatment. Journal of Babul University Medical Sciences 2011;13(1):51-7.
Celiker 2002 {published data only}
    1. Celiker R, Arslan S, Inanici F. Corticosteroid injection vs. nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug and splinting in carpal tunnel syndrome. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2002;81(3):182-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Chung 2016 {published data only}
    1. Chung VC, Ho RS, Liu S, Chong MK, Leung AW, Yip BH, et al. Electroacupuncture and splinting versus splinting alone to treat carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2016;188(12):867-75. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Chung VC, Wong SY, Kung K, Zee CY, Leung WN, Chong KC, et al. Electroacupuncture and wrist splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomised trial. Hong Kong Medical Journal 2017;23 (3 Suppl 2):28-31. - PubMed
CTRI/2015/02/005531 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2015/02/005531. Device study to evaluate the effect of CarpaStretch in treating carpal tunnel syndrome (a medical condition which causes pain, numbness and tingling in the wrist and fingers due to compression of median nerve in the wrist). who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2015/02/005531 (first received 11 Feb 2015).
Daniel 2000 {published data only}
    1. Daniel ES, Paul S. A comparison study of the volar wrist cock-up splint and ulnar gutter splint in carpal tunnel syndrome. Occupational Therapy in Health Care 2000;12(4):79-93. - PubMed
Davis 1998 {published data only}
    1. Davis PT, Hulbert JR, Kassak KM, Meyer JJ. Comparative efficacy of conservative medical and chiropractic treatments for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 1998;21(5):317-26. [PMID: ] - PubMed
De Angelis 2009 {published data only}
    1. De Angelis MV, Pierfelice F, Di Giovanni P, Staniscia T, Uncini A. Efficacy of a soft hand brace and a wrist splint for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled study. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 2009;119(1):68-74. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Dehghani 2012 {published data only}
    1. Dehghani M, Sohrabi F, Teimouri M . The effects of topical corticosteroid injection on carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2012;29:2521-6.
Dincer 2009 {published data only}
    1. Dincer U, Cakar E, Kiralp MZ, Kilac H, Dursun H. The effectiveness of conservative treatments of carpal tunnel syndrome: splinting, ultrasound, and low-level laser therapies. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 2009;27(1):119-25. - PubMed
DRKS00014585 {published data only}
    1. DRKS00014585. Therapy of carpal tunnel syndrom. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=DRKS00014585 (first received 26 June 2018).
Eftekharsadat 2011 {published data only}
    1. Eftekharsadat B, Shakouri SK, Shimia M, Rahbar M, Ghojazadeh M, Rashidi MR, et al. Effect of E. laciniata (L) ointment on mild and moderate carpal tunnel syndrome: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research 2011;25(2):290-5. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Ekim 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ekim A, Colak E. Ultrasound treatment in carpal tunnel syndrome: a placebo controlled study. Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 2008;54(3):96-101.
Evcik 2007 {published data only}
    1. Evcik D, Kavuncu V, Cakir T, Subasi V, Yaman M. Laser therapy in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 2007;25(1):34-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Farahmand 2021 {published data only}
    1. Farahmand B, Pourhosaingholi E, Bagheri A. Investigating the effects of volar wrist cock-up splint and dorsal lock wrist hand orthosis in reducing signs of carpal tunnel syndrome. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran 2021;35:53. - PMC - PubMed
Garfinkel 1998 {published data only}
    1. Garfinkel MS, Singhal A, Katz WA, Allan DA, Reshetar R, Schumacher HR Jr. Yoga-based intervention for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA 1998;280(18):1601-3. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Garland 1964 {published data only}
    1. Garland H, Taverne D, Clark JMP. Surgical treatment for the carpal tunnel syndrome. Lancet 1964;1:1129-30. - PubMed
Gerritsen 2002 {published data only}
    1. Gerritsen AA, De Vet HC, Scholten RJ, Bertelsmann FW, De Krom MC, Bouter LM. Splinting vs surgery in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288(10):1245-51. - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN18853827. Splinting or surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN18853827 (first received 11 Feb 2002).
Golriz 2016 {published data only}
    1. Golriz B, Ahmadi Bani M, Arazpour M, Bahramizadeh M, Curran S, Madani SP. Comparison of the efficacy of a neutral wrist splint and a wrist splint incorporating a lumbrical unit for the treatment of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Prosthetics and Orthotics International 2016;40(5):617-23. - PubMed
Gurcay 2009 {published data only}
    1. Gurcay E, Unlu E, Gurcay AG, Tuncay R, Cakci A. Evaluation of the effect of local corticosteroid injection and anti-inflammatory medication in carpal tunnel syndrome. Scottish Medical Journal 2009;54(1):4-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Halac 2015 {published data only}
    1. Halac G, Demir S, Yucel H, Niftaliyev E, Kocaman G, Duruyen H, et al. Splinting is effective for night-only symptomatic carpal tunnel syndrome patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2015;27(4):993-6. - PMC - PubMed
Heebner 2008 {published data only}
    1. Heebner ML, Roddey TS. The effects of neural mobilization in addition to standard care in persons with carpal tunnel syndrome from a community hospital. Journal of Hand Therapy 2008;21(3):229-41. - PubMed
Hojjati 2020 {published data only}
    1. Hojjati F, Afjei MH, Ebrahimi Takamjani I, Rayegani SM, Sarrafzadeh J, Raeissadat SA, et al. The effect of high-power and low-power lasers on symptoms and the nerve conduction study in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. A prospective randomized single-blind clinical trial. Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences 2020;11(Suppl 1):S73-9. - PMC - PubMed
IRCT2012122811912N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2012122811912N1. Comparing the effect of acupuncture and medical treatment on clinical symptoms and ElectroMyoGraphy/Nerve Conduction Velocity (EMG/NCV) changes in patients with CTS. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2012122811912N1 (first received 6 Sep 2015).
IRCT20130612013651N4 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20130612013651N4. Evaluation of the effect of interventions near and far to the carpal tunnel using dry needle method and routine physiotherapy. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20130612013651N4 (first received 23 July 2020).
IRCT2013092612450N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2013092612450N1. Tendon/nerve gliding exercises in carpal tunnel syndrome. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2013092612450N1 (first received 17 Mar 2014).
IRCT2014083118991N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2014083118991N1. The effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy and wrist splint for management of carpal tunnel syndrome. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2014083118991N1 (first received 16 Oct 2014).
IRCT201412014641N9 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201412014641N9. Comparison of two therapeutic methods in patients with mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201412014641N9 (first received 10 Jan 2015).
IRCT20190429043421N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20190429043421N1. Effect of Fatih massage on carpal tunnel syndrome. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20190429043421N1 (first received 22 July 2019).
IRCT20201130049540N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20201130049540N1. Evaluation of the effect of thermal therapy by Kay method (a kind of local Dagh darmani in Traditional Iranian Medicine) on reducing the sensory and functional symptoms of mild and moderate idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. en.irct.ir/trial/52653 (first received 16 Jan 2021).
Kamanli 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kamanli A, Bezgincan M, Kaya A. Comparison of local steroid injection into carpal tunnel via proximal and distal approach in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Bratislavské Lekárske Listy 2011;112(6):337-41. - PubMed
Khosrawi 2012 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201108174242N2. Acupuncture in treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. en.irct.ir/trial/4501 (first received 24 Sep 2011).
    1. Khosrawi S, Moghtaderi A, Haghighat S. Acupuncture in treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial study. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2012;17(1):1-7. - PMC - PubMed
Koca 2014 {published data only}
    1. Koca I, Boyaci A, Tutoglu A, Ucar M, Kocaturk O. Assessment of the effectiveness of interferential current therapy and TENS in the management of carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled study. Rheumatology International 2014;34(12):1639-45. - PubMed
Krause 2020 {published data only}
    1. Krause D, Roll SC, Javaherian-Dysinger H, Daher N. Comparative efficacy of the dorsal application of Kinesio tape and splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Hand Therapy 2021;34(3):351-61. - PubMed
    1. NCT03360344. Non-surgical intervention for carpal tunnel syndrome. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03360344 (first received 4 Dec 2017).
Kumnerddee 2010 {published data only}
    1. Kumnerddee W, Kaewtong A. Efficacy of acupuncture versus night splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2010;93(12):1463-9. - PubMed
Lewis 2020 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12613001095752. The effect of a hand therapy preoperative screening and intervention clinic on patient and hospital outcomes: a randomised control trial. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12613001095752.aspx (first received 30 Sep 2013).
    1. Lewis KJ, Coppieters MW, Ross L, Hughes I, Vicenzino B, Schmid AB. Group education, night splinting and home exercises reduce conversion to surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome: a multicentre randomised trial. Journal of Physiotherapy 2020;66(2):97-104. - PubMed
    1. Lewis KJ, Coppieters MW, Vicenzino B, Hughes I, Ross L, Schmid AB. Occupational therapists, physiotherapists and orthopaedic surgeons agree on the decision for carpal tunnel surgery. International Journal of Health Policy and Management 2022;11(7):1001-8. [DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2020.227] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lewis KJ, Ross L, Coppieters MW, Vicenzino B, Schmid AB. Education, night splinting and exercise versus usual care on recovery and conversion to surgery for people awaiting carpal tunnel surgery: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2016;6(9):e012053. - PMC - PubMed
Luong 2017 {published data only}
    1. Luong P, King F, Li ZM, Dickason M, Diamond M, Son J. Pilot clinical study of a novel unobtrusive carpal tunnel tissue manipulation device in reducing symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. Arthritis and Rheumatology 2017;69(Suppl 10):2953-4.
Mansiz Kaplan 2018 {published data only}
    1. Mansiz Kaplan B, Akyuz G, Kokar S, Yagci I. Comparison of the effectiveness of orthotic intervention,kinesiotaping, and paraffin treatments in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: a single-blind and randomized controlled study. Journal of Hand Therapy 2019;32(3):297-304. - PubMed
Mohammadabadi 2018 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20180511039611N1. Study of the effect of wrist mobilization on carpal tunnel syndrome. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20180511039611N1 (first received 4 Aug 2018).
    1. Mohammadabadi HD, Azizi S, Dadarkhah A, Soltani ZR. Evaluation of effectiveness of the wrist mobilization compared with local corticosteroid injection in treatment of moderate carpal tunnel syndrome. Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research 2018;16(2):e83335.
NCT04043780 {published data only}
    1. NCT04043780. Clinical validation of a decompression prototype splint for patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04043780 (first received 2 Aug 2019).
NCT04416867 {published data only}
    1. NCT04416867. Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04416867 (first received 4 June 2020).
NCT04733209 {published data only}
    1. NCT04733209. Mobilization with movement in carpal tunnel syndrome. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04733209 (first received 1 Feb 2021).
Pinar 2005 {published data only}
    1. Pinar L, Enhos A, Ada S, Güngör N. Can we use nerve gliding exercises in women with carpal tunnel syndrome? Advances in Therapy 2005;22(5):467-75. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Politis 2015 {published data only}
    1. Politis M. A customizable, modular brace for carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Injury, Function and Rehabilitation 2015;7(9 Suppl 1):S158-9.
Raeissadat 2014 {published data only}
    1. Raeissadat SA, Rayegani SM, Rezaei S, Sedighipour L, Bahrami MH, Eliaspour D, et al. The effect of polarized polychromatic noncoherent light (bioptron) therapy on patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Lasers in Medical Science 2014;5(1):39-46. - PMC - PubMed
Raji 2019 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20100313003551N9. The effects of exercise therapy on functional status in people with carpal tunnel syndrome. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20100313003551N9 (first received 10 Mar 2018).
    1. Raji P, Deyabadi S, Bagheri H, Heidarimoghadam R, Jalili M, Mohammadi Y. The effect of exercise therapy on functional status of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (original study in Persian). Journal of Medical Council of Iran 2019;37(1):28-32.
Rayegani 2013 {published data only}
    1. Rayegani SM, Bahrami MH, Eliaspour D, Raeissadat SA, Shafi Tabar Samakoosh M, Sedihgipour L, et al. The effects of low intensity laser on clinical and electrophysiological parameters of carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Lasers in Medical Science 2013;4(4):182-9. - PMC - PubMed
Roitberg 2003 {published data only}
    1. Roitberg B. A randomized trial of splinting vs. surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome. Surgical Neurology 2003;59(1):5-6. - PubMed
Ruksen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ruksen S, Oz B, Olmez N, Memis A. Comparison of clinical effectiveness of corticosteroid phonophoresis and local steroid injection treatment in carpal tunnel syndrome. Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 2011;57(3):119-23.
Salehi 2019 {published data only}
    1. Salehi S, Hesami O, Esfehani MP, Khosravi S, Rashed A, Haghighatzadeh M, et al. The effectiveness of exercise therapy and dry needling on wrist range of motion, pinch and grip force in carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine 2019;10:e83927.
Setayesh 2017 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2014112120023N1. Comparison of therapeutic effects of linseed oil topical gel, with wrist splint in carpal tunnel syndrome. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2014112120023N1 (first received 12 May 2015).
    1. Setayesh M, Sadeghifar AR, Nakhaee N, Kamalinejad M, Rezaeizadeh H. A topical gel from flax seed oil compared with hand splint in carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine 2017;22(3):462-7. - PMC - PubMed
Šošić 2020 {published data only}
    1. Šošić L, Bojnec V, Lonzarić D, Jesenšek Papež B. An advanced stage of carpal tunnel syndrome - is night-time splinting still effective? International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 2020;33(6):771-80. - PubMed
Soyupek 2012 {published data only}
    1. Soyupek F, Yesildag A, Kutluhan S, Askin A, Ozden A, Uslusoy GA, et al. Determining the effectiveness of various treatment modalities in carpal tunnel syndrome by ultrasonography and comparing ultrasonographic findings with other outcomes. Rheumatology International 2012;32(10):3229-34. - PubMed
Storey 2013 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN26618585. Prospective clinical trial comparing C-TracTM splint with conventional resting splint for treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN26618585 (first received 22 June 2006).
    1. Storey P, Armstrong D, Dear H, Bradley M, Burke F. Pilot randomised controlled trial comparing C-Trac splints with Beta wrist braces for the management of carpal tunnel syndrome. Hand Therapy 2013;18(2):35-41.
Talebi 2013 {published data only}
    1. IRCT138903094052N1. The effect of physiotherapy on symptoms of nerve entrapment syndrome. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT138903094052N1 (first received 18 Oct 2008).
    1. Talebi GA, Eteraf Oskouei MA, Shakouri SK. The effect of neuromobilization on clinical findings in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Rehabilitation 2013;13(3):74-83.
Toopchizadeh 2020 {published data only}
    1. Toopchizadeh V, Karimnia S, Sadat BE, Jahanjoo F, Pezeshki MZ. Effects of forearm myofascial trigger point dry needling on pain and function of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Crescent Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences 2020;7(3):362–7.
Ucan 2006 {published data only}
    1. Ucan H, Yagci I, Yilmaz L, Yagnurku F, Keskin D, Bodur H. Comparison of splinting, splinting plus local steroid injection and open carpal tunnel release outcomes in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. Rheumatology International 2006;27:45-51. - PubMed
    1. Yağci I, Uçan H, Yilmaz L, Yağmurlu F, Keskin D, Bodur H. Comparison of splinting, splinting plus local steroid injection and surgery in carpal tunnel syndrome treatment. Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006;52(2):55-60.
Weintraub 2000 {published data only}
    1. Weintraub MI, Cole SP. Neuromagnetic treatment of pain in refractory carpal tunnel syndrome: an electrophysiological and placebo analysis. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 2000;15(2-3):77-81. - PubMed
Weng 2016 {published data only}
    1. Weng C, Dong H, Chu H, Lu Z. Clinical and electrophysiological evaluation of neutral wrist nocturnal splinting in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2016;28(8):2274-8. - PMC - PubMed
Yao 2019 {published data only}
    1. Yao Y, Grandy E, Jenkins L, Hou J, Evans PJ, Seitz WH Jr, et al. Changes of median nerve conduction, cross-sectional area and mobility by radioulnar wrist compression intervention in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Orthopaedic Translation 2019;18:13-9. - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2018 {published data only}
    1. Zhang K, Yang Y, Xu S, Shou Y, Jiang H, Zhang B. A case control study on the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with needle Dao. China Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology 2018;31(6):497-9. - PubMed
Zinnuroglu 2010 {published data only}
    1. Zinnuroglu M, Baspinar M, Beyazova M. Carpal lock and the volar supporting orthosis in mild and moderate carpal tunnel syndrome. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2010;89(9):759-64. [PMID: ] - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Baklaci 2015 {published data only}
    1. Baklaci K. Long-term effectiveness of physical therapy modalities in carpal tunnel syndrome. Internal Medicine Journal 2015;45(Suppl 2):12.
Bhuva 2019 {published data only}
    1. Bhuva VD, Jagtap V. Effect of customized splint and soft tissue mobilization exercises in carpal tunnel syndrome. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy 2019;13(3):121-6.
IRCT2014020416485N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2014020416485N1. Therapeutic effect of ultrasound-guided local steroid injection with hydro-dissection in carpal tunnel syndrome. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2014020416485N1 (first received 4 May 2014).
ISRCTN22916517 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN22916517. Comparison of wrist splints and steroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN22916517 (first received 12 September 2003).
Riasi 2015 {published data only}
    1. Riasi H, Rajabpour Sanati A, Salehi F, Salehian H, Ghaemi K. Analyzing the therapeutic effects of short wrist splint in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) under ibuprofen treatment from an EMG-NCV perspective. Journal of Medicine and Life 2015;8(Special Issue 4):154-8. - PMC - PubMed
Soon 2015 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12613000140752. A randomised clinical trial of physiotherapy, therapeutic ultrasound and hand splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12613000140752 (first received 6 February 2013).
    1. Soon B, Vicenzino B, Plumbe L, Coppieters M. Randomised clinical trial on efficacy of combining hand splinting with physiotherapy or ultrasound treatment for patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Physiotherapy (United Kingdom) 2015;101:eS1422-eS3.

References to ongoing studies

Atroshi 2019 {published data only}
    1. Atroshi I, Tadjerbashi K, McCabe SJ, Ranstam J. Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with wrist splinting: study protocol for a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Trials 2019;20(1):531. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN81836603. Evaluation of wrist splinting for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN81836603 (first received 2 May 2018).
IRCT20120716010297N5 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20120716010297N5. The long-term effect of low level laser therapy on carpal tunnel syndrome. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20120716010297N5 (first received 20 June 2018).
IRCT20200219046552N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200219046552N1. Comparison of local corticosteroid injection and high-intensity laser outcomes in moderate carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20200219046552N1 (first received 29 March 2020).
JPRN‐UMIN000017952 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000017952. Nerve gliding exercise for carpal tunnel syndrome. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-UMIN000017952 (first received 1 July 2015).
NCT04017390 {published data only}
    1. NCT04017390. The effect of theraworx foam in carpal tunnel syndrome. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04017390 (first received 12 July 2019).
NCT04515966 {published data only}
    1. NCT04515966. A comparison of ultrasound-guided steroid injection with wrist splint in carpal tunnel syndrome. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04515966 (first received 17 August 2020).
NCT04993703 {published data only}
    1. NCT04993703. Effect of kinesiotaping and night splinting in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04993703 (first received 6 August 2021).

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References to other published versions of this review

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