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. 2023 Feb 27;13(10):6737-6746.
doi: 10.1039/d3ra00308f. eCollection 2023 Feb 21.

Photonic crystal nanostructure as a photodetector for NaCl solution monitoring: theoretical approach

Abdulkarem H M Almawgani  1 , Hussein A Elsayed  2 , Ahmed Mehaney  2 , T A Taha  3   4 , Ziyad Awadh Alrowaili  3 , Ghassan Ahmed Ali  5 , Walied Sabra  2 , Sayed Asaduzzaman  6   7 , Ashour M Ahmed  2   8
Affiliations

Photonic crystal nanostructure as a photodetector for NaCl solution monitoring: theoretical approach

Abdulkarem H M Almawgani et al. RSC Adv. .

Abstract

In this research, we have a theoretical simple and highly sensitive sodium chloride (NaCl) sensor based on the excitation of Tamm plasmon resonance through a one-dimensional photonic crystal structure. The configuration of the proposed design was, [prism/gold (Au)/water cavity/silicon (Si)/calcium fluoride (CaF2)10/glass substrate]. The estimations are mainly investigated based on both the optical properties of the constituent materials and the transfer matrix method as well. The suggested sensor is designed for monitoring the salinity of water by detecting the concentration of NaCl solution through near-infrared (IR) wavelengths. The reflectance numerical analysis showed the Tamm plasmon resonance. As the water cavity is filled with NaCl of concentrations ranging from 0 g l-1 to 60 g l-1, Tamm resonance is shifted towards longer wavelengths. Furthermore, the suggested sensor provides a relatively high performance compared to its photonic crystal counterparts and photonic crystal fiber designs. Meanwhile, the sensitivity and detection limit of the suggested sensor could reach the values of 24 700 nm per RIU (0.576 nm (g l)-1) and 0.217 g l-1, respectively. Therefore, the suggested design could be of interest as a promising platform for sensing and monitoring NaCl concentrations and water salinity as well.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare they have no conflicts of interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Three dimensions representation of the suggested NaCl sensor that configured as, [prism/Au/water cavity/(Si/CaF2)N/glass substrate].
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. The response of the indices of refraction of Si and CaF2 through near IR wavelengths.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. The reflectivity at normal incidence (θ = 0 deg.) for the structures (A) prism/(Si/CaF2)10/substrate and (B) prism/Au/water cavity/(Si/CaF2)10/substrate with cavity thickness = 5 μm and Au thickness = 20 nm.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. (A) The reflectivity of the TE polarization at the angle of incidence = 50° for the structures (A) prism/(Si/CaF2)10/substrate and (B) prism/Au/water cavity/(Si/CaF2)10/substrate with cavity thickness = 5 μm and Au thickness = 20 nm.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. The effect of change the thickness of the Au layer on the(A) reflection spectrum (B) intensity of reflection at of TP resonance.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6. The reflectivity of TP resonance at different values of NaCl concentrations.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7. A color map for the reflectivity of TP resonance at different concentrations of NaCl solution.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8. The index of refraction for NaCl solution with the wavelengths of the incident radiation.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9. The resulted relation between the spectral position of TP resonance and the NaCl concentration according to a quadratic fitting.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10. The response of the sensor sensitivity regarding the concentration of NaCl solution.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11. The impact of NaCl concentration on the values of QF.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12. The impact of NaCl concentration on the values of DL.
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