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. 2023 Feb 13:14:1115031.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1115031. eCollection 2023.

The clinical value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) for predicting the occurrence and severity of pneumonia in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage

Rui-Hong Wang  1 , Wan-Xin Wen  1   2 , Ze-Ping Jiang  1 , Zhen-Ping Du  1 , Zhao-Hui Ma  1   2 , Ai-Li Lu  1   2 , Hui-Ping Li  1   2 , Fang Yuan  1   2 , Shi-Biao Wu  1   2 , Jian-Wen Guo  1   3 , Ye-Feng Cai  1   3 , Yan Huang  1   4 , Li-Xin Wang  1   2   4 , Hong-Ji Lu  1   2
Affiliations

The clinical value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) for predicting the occurrence and severity of pneumonia in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage

Rui-Hong Wang et al. Front Immunol. .

Abstract

Background: Inflammatory mechanisms play important roles in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and have been linked to the development of stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) are inflammatory indexes that influence systemic inflammatory responses after stroke. In this study, we aimed to compare the predictive value of the NLR, SII, SIRI and PLR for SAP in patients with ICH to determine their application potential in the early identification of the severity of pneumonia.

Methods: Patients with ICH in four hospitals were prospectively enrolled. SAP was defined according to the modified Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. Data on the NLR, SII, SIRI and PLR were collected at admission, and the correlation between these factors and the clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) was assessed through Spearman's analysis.

Results: A total of 320 patients were enrolled in this study, among whom 126 (39.4%) developed SAP. The results of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that the NLR had the best predictive value for SAP (AUC: 0.748, 95% CI: 0.695-0.801), and this outcome remained significant after adjusting for other confounders in multivariable analysis (RR=1.090, 95% CI: 1.029-1.155). Among the four indexes, Spearman's analysis showed that the NLR was the most highly correlated with the CPIS (r=0.537, 95% CI: 0.395-0.654). The NLR could effectively predict ICU admission (AUC: 0.732, 95% CI: 0.671-0.786), and this finding remained significant in the multivariable analysis (RR=1.049, 95% CI: 1.009-1.089, P=0.036). Nomograms were created to predict the probability of SAP occurrence and ICU admission. Furthermore, the NLR could predict a good outcome at discharge (AUC: 0.761, 95% CI: 0.707-0.8147).

Conclusions: Among the four indexes, the NLR was the best predictor for SAP occurrence and a poor outcome at discharge in ICH patients. It can therefore be used for the early identification of severe SAP and to predict ICU admission.

Keywords: NLR; PLR; SII; SIRI; intracerebral hemorrhage; prediction value; stroke-associated pneumonia.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Boxplots of the NLR, PLR SII and SIRI showing the distribution in the non-SAP group (n=194) and SAP group (n=126). (A) The NLR of the SAP group was higher than that of the non-SAP group (<0.001). (B) The PLR of the SAP group was higher than that of the non-SAP group. (p=0.001). (C) The SII of the SAP group was higher than that of the non-SAP group. (<0.001). (D) The SIRI of the SAP group was higher than that of the non-SAP group(<0.001). NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; SII, systemic immune-inflammation index; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; SIRI, systemic inflammation response index; SAP, stroke-associated pneumonia; non-SAP, non-stroke-associated pneumonia.
Figure 2
Figure 2
ROC curves of the NLR, PLR SII and SIRI for predicting SAP occurrence (A), ICU admission (B) and good outcomes at discharge (C). ROC, receiver operating characteristic; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; SII, systemic immune-inflammation index; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; SIRI, systemic inflammation response index; SAP, stroke-associated pneumonia; ICU, intensive care unit.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Association between the CPIS and NLR (A), PLR (B), SII (C) and SIRI (D) using Spearman’s analysis. The NLR had the highest correlation coefficient. CPIS, clinical pulmonary infection score; CI, confidence interval; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; SII, systemic immune-inflammation index; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; SIRI, systemic inflammation response index.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Nomogram to estimate the risk of SAP in patients with ICH. (A) Nomogram model to predict SAP occurrence. (B) Nomogram model to predict ICU admission. ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; SAP, stroke-associated pneumonia; ICU, intensive care unit.
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