FR received research grants from Novo Nordisk, Medtronic, and Johnson & Johnson. FR has undertaken paid consultancy work for GI Dynamics, and received honoraria for lectures from Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, and Johnson & Johnson. FR is a member of the data safety monitoring board for GT Metabolic Solutions. FR has provided scientific advice to Keyron, Metadeq, GHP Scientific, and Vibo Health for no remuneration. FR is director of London Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery and Metabolic Health International, in the context of his own surgical private practice. FR is also President and Founder of the Metabolic Health Institute (a non-profit organisation dedicated to health education). RLB has undertaken consultancy work for Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, GIla Therapeutics, Epitomee Medical, ViiV Healthcare, and Pfizer. RLB has participated in speakers bureaus for Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, and ViiV Healthcare, and received institutional research funding from Rhythm Pharmaceutical and Novo Nordisk. MK is the Editor-in-Chief of The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. GM has received consulting fees from Novo Nordisk, Fractyl Inc and Recor, and has served as scientific advisor for Keyron, Metadeq, GHP Scientific, and Jemyll for no remuneration. CWlR reports grants from the Irish Research Council, Science Foundation Ireland, Anabio, and the Health Research Board. CWlR serves on advisory boards of Novo Nordisk, Herbalife, GI Dynamics, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Glia, and Boehringer Ingelheim. CWlR was the chief medical officer and director of the Medical Device Division of Keyron in 2011. Both of these were unremunerated positions. CWlR was gifted stock holdings in September 2021 and divested all stock holdings in Keyron in September, 2021. CWlR continues to provide scientific advice to Keyron for no remuneration. ISF has consulted for Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Rhythm Pharmaceuticals on weight loss drugs. NF-L has received consulting fees from WHO (European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases), and from the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. DEC has received consulting fees from GI Dynamics, Endogene, and Gila Therapeutics. EWG declares no competing interests.