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. 2023 Mar 8;22(1):85.
doi: 10.1186/s12936-023-04495-5.

Seasonal assessment on the effects of time of night, temperature and humidity on the biting profile of Anopheles farauti in north Queensland, Australia using a population naive to malaria vector control pressures

Weng K Chow  1 , Nigel W Beebe  2   3 , Luke Ambrose  2 , Paul Pickering  4 , Robert D Cooper  4
Affiliations

Seasonal assessment on the effects of time of night, temperature and humidity on the biting profile of Anopheles farauti in north Queensland, Australia using a population naive to malaria vector control pressures

Weng K Chow et al. Malar J. .

Abstract

Background: Anopheles farauti is one of the major vectors of malaria in the Southwest Pacific region and is responsible for past outbreaks in Australia. With an adaptable biting profile conducive to behavioural resistance to indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), its all-night biting behaviour can switch to biting mostly in the early evening. With limited insight into the biting profile of An. farauti populations in areas that have not encountered IRS or ITNs, the aim of this study was to develop insights on the biting behaviour of a malaria control naive population of An. farauti.

Methods: Biting profiles of An. farauti were conducted at Cowley Beach Training Area, in north Queensland, Australia. Initially, encephalitis virus surveillance (EVS) traps were used to document the 24-h biting profile of An. farauti and then human landing collections (HLC) were used to follow the 18.00-06.00 h biting profile. The human landing catches (HLC) were performed at both the end of the wet (April) and dry (October) seasons.

Results: Data exploration using a Random Forest Model shows that time of night is the most important variable for predicting An. farauti biting activity. Temperature was found to be the next important predictor, followed by humidity, trip, collector, and season. The significant effect of time of night and peak in time of night biting, between 19.00 and 20.00 h was also observed in a generalized linear model. The main effect of temperature was significant and non-linear and appears to have a positive effect on biting activity. The effect of humidity is also significant but its relationship with biting activity is more complex. This population's biting profile is similar to populations found in other parts of its range prior to insecticide intervention. A tight timing for the onset of biting was identified with more variation with the end of biting, which is likely underpinned by an endogenous circadian clock rather than any light intensity.

Conclusion: This study sees the first record of a relationship between biting activity and the decreasing temperature during the night for the malaria vector, Anopheles farauti.

Keywords: Anopheles farauti; Behavioural insecticide resistance; Biting behaviour; Circadian clock; Malaria.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Study location and collection site at Cowley Beach Train Area, north Queensland, Australia (17° 41′ 14.7″ S 146° 06′ 06.4″ E)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Smooths from the Generalized Additive Model. A Surface plot of combined effects of temperature and time of night on number of An. farauti collected. B Partial smoothed effect of time of night on number of An. farauti collected. C Partial smoothed effect of temperature on number of An. farauti collected. D Partial smoothed effect of humidity on number of An. farauti collected. Residuals and standard errors are shown in B-D
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Anopheles farauti mean feeding activity (± SE) from EVS traps for 24 h over four days at CBTA, Australia shows highly nocturnal biting behaviour
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Random Forest Model assessing relative importance of predictor variables
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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