Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2023 Mar 10;3(3):CD013258.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013258.pub2.

Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community

Lindy Clemson  1 , Susan Stark  2 , Alison C Pighills  3   4 , Nicola J Fairhall  5 , Sarah E Lamb  6 , Jinnat Ali  7 , Catherine Sherrington  5
Affiliations
Review

Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community

Lindy Clemson et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Falls and fall-related injuries are common. A third of community-dwelling people aged over 65 years fall each year. Falls can have serious consequences including restricting activity or institutionalisation. This review updates the previous evidence for environmental interventions in fall prevention.

Objectives: To assess the effects (benefits and harms) of environmental interventions (such as fall-hazard reduction, assistive technology, home modifications, and education) for preventing falls in older people living in the community.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, other databases, trial registers, and reference lists of systematic reviews to January 2021. We contacted researchers in the field to identify additional studies.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials evaluating the effects of environmental interventions (such as reduction of fall hazards in the home, assistive devices) on falls in community-residing people aged 60 years and over. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Our primary outcome was rate of falls.

Main results: We included 22 studies from 10 countries involving 8463 community-residing older people. Participants were on average 78 years old, and 65% were women. For fall outcomes, five studies had high risk of bias and most studies had unclear risk of bias for one or more risk of bias domains. For other outcomes (e.g. fractures), most studies were at high risk of detection bias. We downgraded the certainty of the evidence for high risk of bias, imprecision, and/or inconsistency. Home fall-hazard reduction (14 studies, 5830 participants) These interventions aim to reduce falls by assessing fall hazards and making environmental safety adaptations (e.g. non-slip strips on steps) or behavioural strategies (e.g. avoiding clutter). Home fall-hazard interventions probably reduce the overall rate of falls by 26% (rate ratio (RaR) 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61 to 0.91; 12 studies, 5293 participants; moderate-certainty evidence); based on a control group risk of 1319 falls per 1000 people a year, this is 343 (95% CI 118 to 514) fewer falls. However, these interventions were more effective in people who are selected for higher risk of falling, with a reduction of 38% (RaR 0.62, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.70; 9 studies, 1513 participants; 702 (95% CI 554 to 812) fewer falls based on a control risk of 1847 falls per 1000 people; high-certainty evidence). We found no evidence of a reduction in rate of falls when people were not selected for fall risk (RaR 1.05, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.16; 6 studies, 3780 participants; high-certainty evidence). Findings were similar for the number of people experiencing one or more falls. These interventions probably reduce the overall risk by 11% (risk ratio (RR) 0.89, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.97; 12 studies, 5253 participants; moderate-certainty evidence); based on a risk of 519 per 1000 people per year, this is 57 (95% CI 15 to 93) fewer fallers. However, for people at higher risk of falling, we found a 26% decrease in risk (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.85; 9 studies, 1473 participants), but no decrease for unselected populations (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.07; 6 studies, 3780 participants) (high-certainty evidence). These interventions probably make little or no important difference to health-related quality of life (HRQoL) (standardised mean difference 0.09, 95% CI -0.10 to 0.27; 5 studies, 1848 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). They may make little or no difference to the risk of fall-related fractures (RR 1.00, 95% 0.98 to 1.02; 2 studies, 1668 participants), fall-related hospitalisations (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.06; 3 studies, 325 participants), or in the rate of falls requiring medical attention (RaR 0.91, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.43; 3 studies, 946 participants) (low-certainty evidence). The evidence for number of fallers requiring medical attention was unclear (2 studies, 216 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Two studies reported no adverse events. Assistive technology Vision improvement interventions may make little or no difference to the rate of falls (RaR 1.12, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.50; 3 studies, 1489 participants) or people experiencing one or more falls (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.50) (low-certainty evidence). We are unsure of the evidence for fall-related fractures (2 studies, 976 participants) and falls requiring medical attention (1 study, 276 participants) because the certainty of the evidence is very low. There may be little or no difference in HRQoL (mean difference 0.40, 95% CI -1.12 to 1.92) or adverse events (falls while switching glasses; RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.02) (1 study, 597 participants; low-certainty evidence). Results for other assistive technology - footwear and foot devices, and self-care and assistive devices (5 studies, 651 participants) - were not pooled due to the diversity of interventions and contexts. Education We are uncertain whether an education intervention to reduce home fall hazards reduces the rate of falls or the number of people experiencing one or more falls (1 study; very low-certainty evidence). These interventions may make little or no difference to the risk of fall-related fractures (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.08; 1 study, 110 participants; low-certainty evidence). Home modifications We found no trials of home modifications that measured falls as an outcome for task enablement and functional independence.

Authors' conclusions: We found high-certainty evidence that home fall-hazard interventions are effective in reducing the rate of falls and the number of fallers when targeted to people at higher risk of falling, such as having had a fall in the past year and recently hospitalised or needing support with daily activities. There was evidence of no effect when interventions were targeted to people not selected for risk of falling. Further research is needed to examine the impact of intervention components, the effect of awareness raising, and participant-interventionist engagement on decision-making and adherence. Vision improvement interventions may or may not impact the rate of falls. Further research is needed to answer clinical questions such as whether people should be given advice or take additional precautions when changing eye prescriptions, or whether the intervention is more effective when targeting people at higher risk of falls. There was insufficient evidence to determine whether education interventions impact falls.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00350389.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Lindy Clemson was an investigator in one trial of an environmental intervention to reduce falls which she did not review, and developed an assessment to identify home fall hazards that has been used in several trials. Susan Stark ran a trial of an environmental intervention to reduce falls and did not review her own trial. Alison C Pighills ran a trial of an environmental intervention to reduce falls and was an investigator on another trial; she did not review these trials. Nicola J Fairhall has no known conflicts of interest. Sarah E Lamb was an investigator on a trial of an environmental intervention to reduce falls and did not review this trial. She is on the Data and Safety Monitoring Committee for a pharmaceutical company, but this company is not involved in the development of environmental interventions for preventing falls. Catherine Sherrington has no known conflicts of interest. Jinnat Ali has no known conflicts of interest.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study. Blank spaces indicate that risk of bias assessment was not completed because the study did not report this outcome.
3
3
Overall risk of bias: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
4
4
Home fall‐hazard reduction versus control (1.1 Rate of falls ‐ overall analysis).
5
5
Funnel plot (2.1 Number of fallers ‐ overall analysis).
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home fall‐hazard reduction versus control: primary outcome: rate of falls, Outcome 1: Rate of falls ‐ overall analysis
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home fall‐hazard reduction versus control: primary outcome: rate of falls, Outcome 2: Rate of falls ‐ subgrouped by risk of falls at baseline
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home fall‐hazard reduction versus control: primary outcome: rate of falls, Outcome 3: Rate of falls ‐ subgrouped by tailoring of intervention to falls
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home fall‐hazard reduction versus control: primary outcome: rate of falls, Outcome 4: Rate of falls ‐ subgrouped by personnel
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Home fall‐hazard reduction versus control: secondary outcomes, Outcome 1: Number of fallers ‐ overall analysis
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Home fall‐hazard reduction versus control: secondary outcomes, Outcome 2: Number of fallers ‐ subgrouped by risk of falls at baseline
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Home fall‐hazard reduction versus control: secondary outcomes, Outcome 3: Number of fallers ‐ subgrouped by tailoring of intervention to falls
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Home fall‐hazard reduction versus control: secondary outcomes, Outcome 4: Number of fallers ‐ subgrouped by personnel
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Home fall‐hazard reduction versus control: secondary outcomes, Outcome 5: Number of people experiencing a fall‐related fracture
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Home fall‐hazard reduction versus control: secondary outcomes, Outcome 6: Number of people who experienced 1 or more falls requiring hospital admission
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: Home fall‐hazard reduction versus control: secondary outcomes, Outcome 7: Rate of falls requiring medical attention
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2: Home fall‐hazard reduction versus control: secondary outcomes, Outcome 8: Number of people who experienced 1 or more falls requiring medical attention
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2: Home fall‐hazard reduction versus control: secondary outcomes, Outcome 9: Health‐related quality of life ‐ overall analysis
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Assistive technology versus control ‐ vision improvement, Outcome 1: Rate of falls ‐ overall analysis
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Assistive technology versus control ‐ vision improvement, Outcome 2: Rate of falls ‐ subgrouped by risk of falls at baseline
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Assistive technology versus control ‐ vision improvement, Outcome 3: Number of fallers ‐ overall analysis
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Assistive technology versus control ‐ vision improvement, Outcome 4: Number of people experiencing 1 or more fall‐related fractures
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: Assistive technology versus control ‐ vision improvement, Outcome 5: Rate of falls requiring medical attention
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: Assistive technology versus control ‐ vision improvement, Outcome 6: Health‐related quality of life
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3: Assistive technology versus control ‐ vision improvement, Outcome 7: Number of people who experienced 1 or more adverse events (fall after switching glasses)
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Assistive technology versus control ‐ footwear, self‐care and assistive devices, Outcome 1: Rate of falls ‐ overall analysis
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Assistive technology versus control ‐ footwear, self‐care and assistive devices, Outcome 2: Number of fallers ‐ overall analysis
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: Assistive technology versus control ‐ footwear, self‐care and assistive devices, Outcome 3: Number of people experiencing 1 or more fall‐related fractures
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: Assistive technology versus control ‐ footwear, self‐care and assistive devices, Outcome 4: Number of people requiring medical attention
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Education versus control , Outcome 1: Rate of falls ‐ overall analysis
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Education versus control , Outcome 2: Number of fallers ‐ overall analysis
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5: Education versus control , Outcome 3: Number of people experiencing 1 or more fall‐related fractures
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

References

References to studies included in this review

Campbell 2005 {published data only}
    1. Campbell AJ, Robertson MC, La Grow SJ, Kerse NM, Sanderson GF, Jacobs RJ, et al. Randomised controlled trial of prevention of falls in people aged > or =75 with severe visual impairment: the VIP trial. BMJ 2005;331(817):1-8. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38601.447731.55] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN15342873. VIP falls prevention trial. Interventions to prevent falls and injury in elderly people with impaired vision. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN15342873 (first received 2 March 2005). [DOI: 10.1186/ISRCTN15342873] - DOI
    1. Jacobs R, Campbell AJ, Robertson MC. Randomized controlled trial of falls prevention in people 75 years and older with severe visual impairment [abstract]. American Academy of Optometry Meeting, 2005 Dec 8-12; San Diego (CA) 2005. [CENTRAL: CN-00634854]
    1. Kiata L, Kerse NM, Hughes WE, Hayman KJ, Robertson MC, La Grow SJ, et al. Agreement and compliance with advice on removing mats or rugs by older people with visual impairments. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 2008;102(3):167-72.
    1. La Grow SJ, Robertson MC, Campbell AJ, Clarke GA, Kerse NM. Reducing hazard related falls in people 75 years and older with significant visual impairment: how did a successful program work? Injury Prevention 2006;12(5):296-301. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Chu 2017 {published data only}
    1. Chu MM, Fong KN, Lit AC, Rainer TH, Cheng SW, Au FL, et al. An occupational therapy fall reduction home visit program for community-dwelling older adults in Hong Kong after an emergency department visit for a fall. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2017;37(1):5-13. - PubMed
Cockayne 2021a {published data only}
    1. Cockayne S, Pighills A, Adamson J, Fairhurst C, Crossland S, Drummond A, et al. Home environmental assessments and modification delivered by occupational therapists to reduce falls in people aged 65 years and over: the OTIS RCT. Health Technology Assessment 2021;25(46):1-117. [DOI: 10.3310/hta2546] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cockayne S, Pighills A, Adamson J, Fairhurst C, Drummond A, Hewitt C, et al. Can occupational therapist-led home environmental assessment prevent falls in older people? A modified cohort randomised controlled trial protocol. BMJ Open 2018;8:e022488. [DOI: 10.1136/ bmjopen-2018-022488] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cockayne S, Pighills A, Fairhurst C, Adamson J, Crossland S, Drummond A, et al. Home hazard assessment and environmental modification to prevent falls in older people: the OTIS trial [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2021;10(500):1-18. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.52313.1] - DOI
    1. ISRCTN22202133. Occupational therapist home assessment and modification for prevention of falls. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN22202133 (first received 20 June 2016). [DOI: 10.1186/ISRCTN22202133] - DOI
Cumming 1999 {published data only}
    1. Cumming RG, Thomas M, Szonyi G, Frampton G, Salkeld G, Clemson L. Adherence to occupational therapist recommendations for home modifications for falls prevention. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 2001;55(6):641-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Cumming RG, Thomas M, Szonyi G, Salkeld G, O'Neill E, Westbury C, et al. Home visits by an occupational therapist for assessment and modification of environmental hazards: a randomized trial of falls prevention. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1999;47(12):1397-402. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Salkeld G, Cumming RG, O'Neill E, Thomas M, Szonyi G, Westbury C. The cost effectiveness of a home hazard reduction program to reduce falls among older persons. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2000;24(3):265-71. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cumming 2007 {published data only}
    1. Cumming RG, Ivers R, Clemson L, Cullen J, Hayes MF, Tanzer M, et al. Improving vision to prevent falls in frail older people: a randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(2):175-81. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Day 2002 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Day L, Fildes B, Gordon I, Fitzharris M, Flamer H, Lord S. Randomised factorial trial of falls prevention among older people living in their own homes. BMJ 2002;325(7356):128-31. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fitzharris MP, Day L, Lord SR, Gordon I, Fildes B. The Whitehorse NoFalls trial: effects on fall rates and injurious fall rates. Age & Ageing 2010;39(6):728-33. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Haran 2010 {published data only}
    1. Haran MJ, Cameron ID, Ivers RQ, Simpson JM, Lee BB, Tanzer M, et al. Effect on falls of providing single lens distance vision glasses to multifocal glasses wearers: VISIBLE randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010;340:c2265. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Haran MJ, Lord SR, Cameron ID, Ivers RQ, Simpson JM, Lee BB, et al. Preventing falls in older multifocal glasses wearers by providing single-lens distance glasses: the protocol for the VISIBLE randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics 2009;9:10. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00350389. VISIBLE study (Visual Intervention Strategy Incorporating Bifocal & Long-Distance Eyewear) (VISIBLE) [Randomised controlled falls prevention trial of plain distance glasses in elderly multifocal wearers]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00350389 (first received 10 July 2006).
Kamei 2015 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kamei T, Fumiko K, Yuko Y, Yukako I, Rumi K, Tomoko S, et al. Effectiveness of a home hazard modification program for reducing falls in urban community-dwelling older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Japan Journal of Nursing Science 2015;12(3):184-97. - PubMed
Keall 2015 {published data only}
    1. Keall MD, Howden-Chapman P, Baker MG, Kamalesh V, Cunningham M, Cunningham C, et al. Formulating a programme of repairs to structural home injury hazards in New Zealand. Accident Analysis & Prevention 2013;57:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.04.011] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Keall MD, Pierse N, Howden-Chapman P, Cunningham C, Cunningham M, Guria J, et al. Home modifications to reduce injuries from falls in the home injury prevention intervention (HIPI) study: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015;385(9964):231-8. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61006-0] - DOI - PubMed
Lannin 2007 {published data only}
    1. Lannin NA, Clemson L, McCluskey A, Lin CW, Cameron ID, Barras S. Feasibility and results of a randomised pilot-study of pre-discharge occupational therapy home visits. BMC Health Services Research 2007;7:42. [DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-7-42] [MEDLINE: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lin 2007 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Lin MR, Wolf SL, Hwang HF, Gong SY, Chen CY. A randomized, controlled trial of fall prevention programs and quality of life in older fallers. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(4):499-506. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lockwood 2019 {published data only}
    1. Lockwood KJ, Harding KE, Boyd JN, Taylor NF. Predischarge home visits after hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2019;33(4):681-92. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215518823256] - DOI - PubMed
McKiernan 2005 {published data only}
    1. McKiernan FE. A simple gait-stabilizing device reduces outdoor falls and nonserious injurious falls in fall-prone older people during the winter. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(6):943-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Nikolaus 2003 {published data only}
    1. Nikolaus T, Bach M. Preventing falls in community-dwelling frail older people using a home intervention team (HIT): results from the randomized falls-HIT trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(3):300-5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Nikolaus T, Specht-Leible N, Bach M, Wittmann-Jennewein C, Oster P, Schlierf G. Effectiveness of hospital-based geriatric evaluation and management and home intervention team (GEM-HIT). Rationale and design of a 5-year randomized trial. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie 1995;28(1):47-53. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Pardessus 2002 {published data only}
    1. Pardessus V, Puisieux F, Di P, Gaudefroy C, Thevenon A, Dewailly P. Benefits of home visits for falls and autonomy in the elderly: a randomized trial study. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2002;81(4):247-52. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Perry 2008 {published data only}
    1. Perry SD, Radtke A, McIlroy WE, Fernie GR, Maki BE. Efficacy and effectiveness of a balance-enhancing insole. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2008;63(6):595-602. - PubMed
Pighills 2011 {published and unpublished data}07575807
    1. ISRCTN07575807. Reducing home hazards to prevent falls in older people [Environmental assessment and modification to prevent falls in older people: a randomised controlled single centre trial]. controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN07575807 (first received 10 May 2009).
    1. Pighills A, Torgerson DJ, Sheldon T. Publicity does not increase recruitment to falls prevention trials: the results of two quasi-randomized trials. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2009;62(12):1332-5. - PubMed
    1. Pighills AC, Torgerson DJ, Sheldon TA, Drummond AE, Bland JM. Environmental assessment and modification to prevent falls in older people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2011;59(1):26-33. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Stark 2021 {published data only}
    1. Stark S, Keglovits M, Somerville E, Hu Y-L, Barker A, Sykora S, et al. Home hazard removal to reduce falls among community-dwelling older adults. A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open 2021;4(8):e2122044. [DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.22044] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stark S, Somerville E, Keglovits M, Conte J, Li M, Hu Y-L, et al. Protocol for the home hazards removal program (HARP) study: a pragmatic, randomized clinical trial and implementation study. BMC Geriatrics 2017;17(90):1-9. [DOI: 10.1186/s12877-017-0478-4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Stevens 2001 {published data only}
    1. Stevens M, Holman CD, Bennett N, Klerk N. Preventing falls in older people: outcome evaluation of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(11):1448-55. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Stevens M, Holman CD, Bennett N. Preventing falls in older people: impact of an intervention to reduce environmental hazards in the home. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(11):1442-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tchalla 2013 {published data only}
    1. Tchalla AE, Lachal F, Cardinaud N, Saulnier I, Rialle V, Preux PM, et al. Preventing and managing indoor falls with home-based technologies in mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease patients: pilot study in a community dwelling. Dementia & Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2013;36(3/4):251-61. - PubMed
Thomas 2018 {published data only}
    1. Thomas KS, Akobundu U, Dosa D. More than a meal? A randomized control trial comparing the effects of home-delivered meals programs on participants' feelings of loneliness. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences 2016;71(6):1049-58. [DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbv111] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Thomas KS, Rarikh RB, Zullo AR, Dosa D. Home-delivered meals and risk of self-reported falls: results from a randomized trial. Journal of Applied Gerontology 2018;37(1):41-57. - PMC - PubMed
Wang 2019 {published and unpublished data}
    1. NCT02819011. OHI - randomized control trial to evaluate efficacy, acceptability, and perception of benefit of an innovative custom AFO. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02819011 (first received 30 June 2016).
    1. Wang C, Goel R, Zhang Q, Lepow B, Najafi B. Daily use of bilateral custom-made ankle‐foot orthoses for fall prevention in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2019;67(6):1656-61. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Casteel 2020 {published data only}
    1. Casteel C, Bruening R, Carson M, Berard-Reed K, Ashida S. Evaluation of a falls and fire safety program for community‑dwelling older adults. Journal of Community Health 2021;45:717-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s10900-019-00786-8] - DOI - PubMed
Deems‐Dluhy 2021 {published data only}
    1. Deems-Dluhy S, Hoppe-Ludwig S, Mummidisetty CK, Semik P, Heinemann AW, Jayaraman A. Microprocessor controlled knee ankle foot orthosis (KAFO) vs stance control vs locked KAFO: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2021;102:233-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2020.08.013] - DOI - PubMed
Ferrer 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ferrer A, Formiga F, Sanz H, Vries OJ, Badia T, Pujol R, et al. Multifactorial assessment and targeted intervention to reduce falls among the oldest-old: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Interventions in Aging 2014;9:PMC3940644. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Greenberg 2020 {published data only}
    1. Greenberg MR, Goodheart V, Jacoby JL, Barraco RD, Crowley LM, Day R, et al. Emergency Department Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths and Injuries (ED STEADI) program. Journal of Emergency Medicine 2020;59(1):1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.04.019] - DOI - PubMed
Hill 2019 {published data only}
    1. Hill A, McPhail SM, Haines TP, Morris ME, Etherton-Beer C, Shorr R. Reducing falls after hospital discharge using patient education. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2019;67(S1):S50. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hill AM, McPhail SM, Haines TP, Morris ME, Etherton-Beer C, Shorr R, et al. Falls after hospital discharge: a randomized clinical trial of individualized multimodal falls prevention education. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2019;74(9):1511-7. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Johansson 2018 {published data only}
    1. Johansson E, Jonsson H, Dahlberg R, Patomella AH. The efficacy of a multifactorial falls-prevention programme, implemented in primary health care. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 2018;81(8):474-81. [DOI: 10.1177/0308022618756303] - DOI
Lee 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lee H-C, Chang K-C, Tsauo J-Y, Huang Y-C, Lin SI. Effects of a multifactorial fall prevention program on fall incidence and physical function in community-dwelling older adults with risk of falls. Archives Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2013;94(4):606-15. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Liu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Liu M, Xue Q-L, Gitlin L, Wolff J, Guralnik J, Leff B, et al. Disability prevention program improves life-space and falls efficacy: a randomized controlled trial. American Geriatrics Society 2021;69:85-90. [DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16808] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Luck 2013 {published data only}
    1. Luck T, Motzek T, Luppa M, Matschinger H, Fleischer S, Sesselmann Y, et al. Effectiveness of preventive home visits in reducing the risk of falls in old age: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Interventions in Aging 2013;8:697-702. [DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S43284] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Moller 2014 {published data only}
    1. Möller UO, Kristensson J, Midlöv P, Ekdahl C, Jakobsson U. Effects of a one-year home-based case management intervention on falls in older people: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 2014;22(4):457-64. [DOI: 10.1123/japa.2013-0101] - DOI - PubMed
Oddsson 2020 {published data only}
    1. Oddsson L, Bisson T, Cohen H, Jacobs L, Khoshnoodi M, Kung D, et al. The effects of a wearable sensory prosthesis on gait and balance function after 10 weeks of use in persons with peripheral neuropathy and high fall risk – the walk2Wellness trial. Aging Neuroscience 2020;12:592751. [DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.592751] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Tannenbaum 2019 {published data only}
    1. Tannenbaum C, Fritel X, Halme A, den Heuvel E, Jutai J, Wagg A. Long-term effect of community-based continence promotion on urinary symptoms, falls and healthy active life expectancy among older women: cluster randomised trial. Age and Ageing 2019;48(4):526-32. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afz038] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Tiefenbachova 2019 {published data only}
    1. Tiefenbachová P, Zeleníková R. The effect of educational intervention by nurses on home environmental risk factors for falls. Central European Journal of Nursing and Midwifery 2019;10(2):1019-25. [DOI: 10.15452/CEJNM.2019.10.0009] - DOI
Wesson 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wesson J, Clemson L, Brodaty H, Lord S, Taylor M, Gitlin L, et al. A feasibility study and pilot randomised trial of a tailored prevention program to reduce falls in older people with mild dementia. BMC Geriatrics 2013;13:89. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-13-89] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Yamashita 2019 {published data only}
    1. Yamashita T, Yamashita K, Rinoie C, Takase Y, Sato M, Yamada K, et al. Improvements in lower-limb muscle strength and foot pressure distribution with foot care in frail elderly adults: a randomized controlled trial from Japan. BMC Geriatrics 2019;18:83. [DOI: 10.1186/s12877-019-1097-z] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Stark 2016 {published data only}
    1. Stark S, Keglovits M, Somerville E. A randomized controlled feasibility trial of tailored home modifications to improve activities of daily living. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 2016;70(4 Suppl 1):7011520290p1. [DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2018.021774] - DOI

References to ongoing studies

Hatton 2019 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12617000543381. Do different shoe insole surfaces affect balance and walking in adults with diabetic peripheral neuropathy? A randomised controlled trial. www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372682&isRe... (first received 11 April 2017).
    1. Hatton AL, Gane E, Maharaj J, Burns J, Paton J, Kerr G, et al. Textured shoe insoles to improve balance performance in adults with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2019;9:e026240. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026240] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Additional references

Aliberti 2019
    1. Aliberti MJR, Covinsky KE. Home modifications to reduce disability in older adults with functional disability. JAMA Internal Medicine 2019;179(2):211-2. [DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.6414] - DOI - PubMed
Aplin 2015
    1. Aplin T, Jonge D, Gustafsson L. Understanding home modifications impact on clients and their family's experience of home: a qualitative study. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 2015;62(2):123-31. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12156] - DOI - PubMed
Campbell 1990
    1. Campbell AJ, Borrie MJ, Spears GF, Jackson SL, Brown JS, Fitzgerald JL. Circumstances and consequences of falls experienced by a community population 70 years and over during a prospective study. Age and Ageing 1990;19:136-41. - PubMed
Canning 2015
    1. Canning CG, Allen NE, Bloem BR, Keus SHJ, Munneke M, Nieuwboer A, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in Parkinson's disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 3. Art. No: CD011574. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011574] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Carnemolla 2019
    1. Carnemolla P, Bridge C. Housing design and community care: how home modifications reduce care needs of older people and people with disability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019;16(11):1951. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111951] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Clemson 2003
    1. Clemson L, Manor D, Fitzgerald MH. Behavioral factors contributing to older adults falling in public places. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health 2003;23(3):107-17.
Clemson 2008
    1. Clemson L, Mackenzie L, Ballinger C, Close JCT, Cumming RG. Environmental interventions to prevent falls in community-dwelling older people: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Journal of Aging and Health 2008;20(8):954-71. - PubMed
Clemson 2021
    1. Clemson L, Pighills A. Environmental interventions to prevent falls at home and in the community. In: Lord S, Sherrington C, Naganathan V, editors(s). Falls in Older People: Risk factors, Strategies for Prevention and Implications for Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021:360-77. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108594455.024] - DOI
Cochrane Norway 2017
    1. Cochrane Norway. How to write a plain language summary of a Cochrane intervention review. www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circ.114.suppl_18.II_525-c (accessed prior to 11 January 2023).
Cockayne 2021b
    1. Cockayne S, Pighills A, Adamson J, Fairhurst C, Crossland S, Drummond A. Home environmental assessments and modification delivered by occupational therapists to reduce falls in people aged 65 years and over: the OTIS RCT. Health Technology Assessment 2021;25(46):1-118. [DOI: 10.3310/hta25460] [ISSN: 1366-5278] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Deandrea 2010
    1. Deandrea S, Lucenteforte E, Bravi F, Foschi R, La Vecchia C, Negri E. Risk factors for falls in community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology 2010;21(5):658-68. - PubMed
Díaz‐Arribas 2017
    1. Díaz-Arribas MJ, Fernández-Serrano M, Royuela A, Kovacs F, Gallego-Izquierdo T, Ramos-Sánchez M, et al. Minimal clinically important difference in quality of life for patients with low back pain. Spine 2017;42(24):1908-16. [DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000002298] - DOI - PubMed
EuroQol Research Foundation
    1. EuroQol Research Foundation. EQ-5D. euroqol.org/ (accessed 2 February 2019).
Fange 2005
    1. Fange A, Iwarsson S. Changes in accessibility and usability in housing: an exploration of the housing adaptation process. Occupational Therapy International 2005;12(1):44-59. - PubMed
Ferrari 2012
    1. Ferrari M, Harrison B, Lewis D. The risk factors for impulsivity-related falls among hospitalized older adults. Rehabilitation Nursing 2012;37(3):145-50. [DOI: 10.1002/RNJ.00046] - DOI - PubMed
Gillespie 2012
    1. Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, Sherrington C, Gates S, Clemson LM, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 9. Art. No: CD007146. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007146.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gitlin 2003
    1. Gitlin LP. Conducting research on home environments: lessons learned and new directions. Gerontologist 2003;45(5):628-37. - PubMed
Gitlin 2009
    1. Gitlin L. Environmental adaptations for older adults and their families in the home and community. In: Soderback I, editors(s). International Handbook of Occupational Therapy Interventions. London: Springer, 2009.
Guyatt 2011
    1. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Montori V, Vist G, Kunz R, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 5. Rating the quality of evidence - publication bias. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011;64(12):1277–82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.01.011] - DOI - PubMed
Hannan 2010
    1. Hannan MT, Gagnon MM, Aneja J, Jones RN, Cupples LA, Lipsitz LA, et al. Optimizing the tracking of falls in studies of older participants: comparison of quarterly telephone recall with monthly falls calendars in the MOBILIZE Boston Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 2010;171(9):1031-6. - PMC - PubMed
He 2016
    1. He W, Goodkind D, Kowal P, US Census Bureau. An Aging World: 2015. Washington, DC: International Population Reports. US Government Publishing Office, 2016.
Herdman 2011
    1. Herdman M, Gudex C, Lloyd A, Janssen M, Kind P, Parkin D, et al. Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L). Quality of Life Research 2011;20(10):1727-36. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v5.1/.
Hill 2018
    1. Hill KD, Suttanon P, Lin SI, Tsang WWN, Ashari A, Hamid TAA, et al. What works in falls prevention in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Geriatrics 2018;18(1):3. [DOI: 10.1186/s12877-017-0683-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Hopewell 2018
    1. Hopewell S, Adedire O, Copsey BJ, Boniface GJ, Sherrington C, Clemson L, et al. Mutlifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 7. Art. No: CD012221. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012221.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Horowitz 2013
    1. Horowitz BP, Nochajski SM, Schweitzer JA. Occupational therapy community practice and home assessments: use of the home safety self-assessment tool (HSSAT) to support aging in place. Occupational Therapy in Health Care 2013;27(3):216-27. - PubMed
IBM Corp 2019 [Computer program]
    1. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. Version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp, 2019.
Iliffe 2015
    1. Iliffe S, Kendrick D, Morris R, Griffin M, Haworth D, Carpenter H, et al. Promoting physical activity in older people in general practice: ProAct65. British Journal of General Practice 2015;65:e731–8. - PMC - PubMed
Iwarsson 2009
    1. Iwarsson S, Horstmann V, Carlsson G, Oswald F, Wahl HW. Person-environment fit predicts falls in older adults better than the consideration of environmental hazards only. Clinical Rehabilitation 2009;23(6):558-67. - PubMed
Karlsson 2013
    1. Karlsson MK, Vonschewelov T, Karlsson C, Cöster M, Rosengen BE. Prevention of falls in the elderly: a review. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2013;41(5):442-54. [DOI: 10.1177/1403494813483215] - DOI - PubMed
Keglovits 2020
    1. Keglovits M, Clemson L, Hu YL, Nguyen A, Neff AJ, Mandelbaum C, et al. A scoping review of fall hazards in the homes of older adults and development of a framework for assessment and intervention. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 2020;67(5):470-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12682] - DOI - PubMed
Kellog International Work Group 1987
    1. Kellog International Work Group. The prevention of falls in later life. A report of the Kellogg International Work Group on the Prevention of Falls by the Elderly. Danish Medical Bulletin 1987;34(Suppl 4):1-24. - PubMed
Lamb 2005
    1. Lamb SE, Jørstad-Stein EC, Hauer K, Becker C, Prevention of Falls Network Europe and Outcomes Census Group. Development of a common outcome data set for fall injury prevention trials: the Prevention of Falls Network Europe consensus. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(9):1618-22. - PubMed
Lamb 2007
    1. Lamb SE, Hauer K, Becker C. Manual for the fall prevention classification system. www.profane.eu.org/documents/Falls_Taxonomy.pdf (accessed prior to 18 December 2018).
Law 1997
    1. Law M, Cooper BA, Strong S, Stewart D, Rigby PJ, Letts LT. The person environment occupation model: a transactive approach to occupational therapy. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 1997;63:9-23. - PubMed
Leavy 2015
    1. Leavy B, Byberg L, Michaëlsson K, Melhus H, Åberg AC. The fall descriptions and health characteristics of older adults with hip fracture: a mixed methods study. BMC Geriatrics 2015;15(1):40. [DOI: 10.1186/s12877-015-0036-x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lee 2021
    1. Lee S. Falls associated with indoor and outdoor environmental hazards among community-dwelling older adults between men and women. BMC Geriatrics 2021;21(1):547. [DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02499-x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lefebvre 2019
    1. Lefebvre C, Glanville J, Briscoe S, Littlewood A, Marshall C, Metzendorf MI, et al. Chapter 4: Searching for and selecting studies. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.0 (updated July 2019). Cochrane, 2019. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.
Lord 2006
    1. Lord SR, Menz HB, Sherrington C. Home environment risk factors for falls in older people and the efficacy of home modifications. Age and Ageing 2006;35(Suppl 2):ii55-9. - PubMed
Lusardi 2017
    1. Lusardi MM, Fritz S, Middleton A, Allison L, Wingood M, Phillips E, et al. Determining risk of falls in community dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis using posttest probability. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 2017;40(1):36. - PMC - PubMed
Makino 2018
    1. Makino K, Makizako H, Doi T, Tsutsumimoto K, Hotta R, Nakakubo S, et al. Impact of fear of falling and fall history on disability incidence among older adults: prospective cohort study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2018;33(4):658-62. - PubMed
Microsoft Excel [Computer program]
    1. Microsoft Excel. Microsoft Corporation, 2018.
Moreland 2020
    1. Moreland B, Kakara R, Henry A. Trends in nonfatal falls and fall-related injuries among adults aged ≥65 years - United States, 2012-2018. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2020;69(27):875–81. [DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6927a5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Nahemow 2000
    1. Nahemow L. The ecological theory of aging: Powell Lawton's legacy. In: Rubinstein RL, Moss M, Kieban M, Lawton MP, editors(s). The Many Dimensions of Aging. New York: Springer, 2000:22-40.
Peterson 2008
    1. Peterson EW, Clemson L. Understanding the role of occupational therapy in fall prevention for community dwelling older adults. OT Practice 2008;13(3):CEA0208.
Pighills 2016
    1. Pighills A, Ballinger C, Pickering R, Chan S. A critical review of the effectiveness of environmental assessment and modification in the prevention of falls amongst community dwelling older people. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 2016;79(3):133–43.
Pighills 2019
    1. Pighills A, Drummond A, Crossland S, Torgerson DJ. What type of environmental assessment and modification prevents falls in community dwelling older people? BMJ 2019;364:1880. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l880] - DOI - PubMed
Pighills 2021
    1. Pighills A, Clemson L. Environmental risk factors for falls. In: Lord S, Sherrington C, Naganathan V, editors(s). Falls in Older People: Risk Factors, Strategies for Prevention and Implications for Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021:202-10. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108594455.013] - DOI
Prabhakaran 2020
    1. Prabhakaran K, Gogna S, Pee S, Samson DJ, Con J, Latifi R. Falling again? Falls in geriatric adults - risk factors and outcomes associated with recidivism. Journal of Surgical Research 2020;247:66-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.10.041] - DOI - PubMed
Review Manager 2020 [Computer program]
    1. Review Manager 5 (RevMan 5). Version 5.4. Copenhagen: The Cochrane Collaboration, 2020.
Robertson 2005
    1. Robertson MC, Campbell AJ, Herbison P. Statistical analysis of efficacy in falls prevention trials. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2005;60(4):530-4. - PubMed
Rubenstein 2006
    1. Rubenstein L. Falls in older people: epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention. Age and Ageing 2006;35-S2:37-41. - PubMed
Salkeld 2000
    1. Salkeld G, Cumming RG, O'Neill R, Thomas M, Szonyi G, Westbury C. The cost effectiveness of a home hazard reduction program to reduce falls among older persons. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2000;24(3):265-71. - PubMed
Sanford 2004
    1. Sanford JA, Jones M, Daviou P, Grogg K, Butterfield T. Using telerehabilitation to identify home modification needs. Assistive Technology 2004;16(1):43-53. - PubMed
Santesso 2014
    1. Santesso N, Carrasco‐Labra A, Brignardello‐Petersen R. Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 3. Art. No: CD001255. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001255.pub5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Schünemann 2017
    1. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Higgins JPT, Vist GE, Glasziou P, Guyatt GH on behalf of the Cochrane GRADEing Methods Group (formerly Applicability and Recommendations Methods Group) and the Cochrane Statistical Methods Group. Chapter 11: Completing ‘Summary of findings’ tables and grading the confidence in or quality of the evidence. In: Higgins JPT, Churchill R, Chandler J, Cumpston MS, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 5.2.0 (updated June 2017). Cochrane, 2017. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v5.2.
Schünemann 2022
    1. Schünemann HJ, Vist GE, Higgins JPT, Santesso N, Deeks JJ, Glasziou P, et al. Chapter 15: Interpreting results and drawing conclusions. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Shi 2014
    1. Shi J, Zhou BY, Tao YK, Yu PL, Zhang CF, Qin ZH, et al. Incidence and associated factors for single and recurrent falls among the elderly in an urban community of Beijing. Biomedical & Environmental Sciences 2014;27(12):939-49. - PubMed
Smeeth 2002
    1. Smeeth L, Ng ES. Intraclass correlation coefficients for cluster randomized trials in primary care: data from the MRC Trial of the Assessment and Management of Older People in the Community. Controlled Clinical Trials 2002;23(4):409-21. - PubMed
Stark 2009
    1. Stark S, Landsbaum A, Palmer JL, Somerville EK, Morris JC, Harvey A, et al. Client-centred home modifications improve daily activity performance of older adults . Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2009;76(1 Suppl):135-45. [DOI: 10.1177/000841740907600s09] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Stevens 2014
    1. Stevens JA, Mahoney JE, Ehrenreich H. Circumstances and outcomes of falls among high risk community-dwelling older adults. Injury Epidemiology 2014;1(5):1-9. [DOI: 10.1186/2197-1714-1-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Verheyden 2013
    1. Verheyden GSAF, Weerdesteyn V, Pickering RM, Kunkel D, Lennon S, Geurts ACH, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in people after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 5. Art. No: CD008728. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008728.pub2] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Verma 2016
    1. Verma SK, Willetts JL, Corns HL, Marucci-Wellman HR, Lombardi DA, Courtney TK. Falls and fall-related injuries among community-dwelling adults in the United States. PLOS ONE 2016;11(3):e0150939. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150939] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Walters 2005
    1. Walters SJ, Brazier JE. Comparison of the minimally important difference for two health state utility measures: EQ-5D and SF-6D. Quality of Life Research 2005;14(6):1523-32. [PMID: 10.1007/s11136-004-7713-0] - DOI - PubMed
Wellecke 2022
    1. Wellecke C, D'Cruz K, Winkler D, Douglas J, Goodwin J, Davis E, et al. Accessible design features and home modifications to improve physical housing accessibility: a mixed-methods survey of occupational therapists. Disability and Health Journal 2022;101281:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2022.101281] - DOI - PubMed
WHO 2004
    1. World Health Organization. Assistive devices and technologies. www.who.int/disabilities/technology/en/ (accessed 20 November 2017).
Williams 2015
    1. Williams JS, Kowal P, Hestekin H, O'Driscoll T, Peltzer K, Yawson A, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and disability associated with fall-related injury in older adults in low- and middle-income countries: results from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). BMC Medicine 2015;13:147. [DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0390-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zecevic 2006
    1. Zecevic AA, Salmoni AW, Speechley M, Vandervoort AA. Defining a fall and reasons for falling: comparisons among the views of seniors, health care providers, and the research literature. Gerontologist 2006;46(3):367-76. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Clemson 2019
    1. Clemson L, Stark S, Pighills A, Torgerson DJ, Sherrington C, Lamb S. Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 2. Art. No: CD013258. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013258] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Associated data