Cement Augmented Pedicle Screw Instrumentation in Pediatric Spine Surgery

Abstract

Background: Osteoporosis in pediatric patients is rare. Osteomalacia and osteoporosis are known to develop in syndromic or neuromuscular scoliosis children. Spinal deformity surgery for pediatric patients with osteoporosis is challenging, associated with pedicle screw (PS) failure and compression fractures. Cement augmentation of PS is one several measures to prevent screw failure. It provides additional pull-out strength to the PS in the osteoporotic vertebra.

Methods: In 2010-2020, an analysis of pediatric patients who had cement augmentation of PS with a minimum follow-up of 2 years was performed. Radiological and clinical evaluations were analyzed.

Results: The study included 7 patients (4 girls, 3 boys) with a mean age of 13 years (range, 10-14 years) and mean follow-up of 3 years (range, 2-3 years). Only 2 patients underwent revision surgery. Total number of cement augmented PSs was 52 with an average of 7 per patient. Only 1 patient had lower instrumented vertebra vertebroplasty. There was no PS pull-out in the cement augmented levels, and there were no neurological deficits or pulmonary cement embolisms. One patient developed a PS pull-out in uncemented levels. Two patients developed compression fractures, one, with osteogenesis imperfecta, in the supra-adjacent levels (upper instrumented vertebra + 1 and upper instrumented vertebra + 2), and the other, with neuromuscular scoliosis, in the uncemented segments.

Conclusions: In this study, all cement augmented PSs provided satisfactory radiological outcomes without PS pull-out and adjacent vertebral compression fracture. In pediatric spine surgery, in osteoporotic patients with a poor bone purchase, cement augmentation may be used, especially in high-risk patients with osteogenesis imperfecta, neuromuscular scoliosis, and syndromic scoliosis.

Keywords: Cement augmentation; Osteoporosis; Pediatric scoliosis; Pedicle screw; Vertebroplasty.