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Review
. 2023 Feb 23;24(5):4453.
doi: 10.3390/ijms24054453.

Plant Protection against Viruses: An Integrated Review of Plant Immunity Agents

Min Huang  1 , Zilin Wu  1 , Jingxin Li  1 , Yuyu Ding  2 , Shilin Chen  1 , Xiangyang Li  1
Affiliations
Review

Plant Protection against Viruses: An Integrated Review of Plant Immunity Agents

Min Huang et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Plant viruses are an important class of pathogens that seriously affect plant growth and harm crop production. Viruses are simple in structure but complex in mutation and have thus always posed a continuous threat to agricultural development. Low resistance and eco-friendliness are important features of green pesticides. Plant immunity agents can enhance the resilience of the immune system by activating plants to regulate their metabolism. Therefore, plant immune agents are of great importance in pesticide science. In this paper, we review plant immunity agents, such as ningnanmycin, vanisulfane, dufulin, cytosinpeptidemycin, and oligosaccharins, and their antiviral molecular mechanisms and discuss the antiviral applications and development of plant immunity agents. Plant immunity agents can trigger defense responses and confer disease resistance to plants, and the development trends and application prospects of plant immunity agents in plant protection are analyzed in depth.

Keywords: molecular mechanism; plant immunity agents; plant protection; plant virus; review.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The main mechanism of plant immunity-induced resistance pattern is that once plant immunity agents are applied to crops, plant disease and insect pests are controlled by inducing crops to produce substances that resist or control plant disease and insect pests.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Structural formulas of immunity inducible agents. (A) Ningnanmycin. (B) Dufulin. (C) Vanisulfane. (D) Amino-oligosaccharide. (E) Cytosinpeptidemycin. (F) ABA. (G) Methiadinil. (H) Acibenzolar-S-methyl. (I) Vc.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The action mechanism of plant immunity agents. (A) Cytosinpeptidemycin induces a significant upregulation of the expression of plant-related defense proteins (PR5, PR10, POD, SOD) and activates the host defense response. At the same time, cytosinpeptidemycin activates ABA molecular signaling and upregulates the expression of SnRK2 protein, which expresses ABA signaling activation, to produce an ABA response in the plant and inhibit the cellular damage caused by high SA concentrations through the ABA pathway that regulates SA concentration. (B) Dufulin induces the expression of SAR-related proteins such as POD, SA binding protein (SABP2), disease-process PRs, and benzoyltransferase, while toxafluorophos can bind to benzoyltransferase to enhance its activity and produce phycocyanin, combining with POD protein to trigger the host’s own immune system and thus enhancing the resistance of rice to SRBSDV. (C) Vanisulfane (B1) triggers the ABA pathway in peppers infected with cucumber mosaic virus. Enhancing the defensive enzyme activities of POD, PAL, SOD, and CAT; increasing the UspA content; promoting ABA biosynthesis; reducing SA accumulation; and ROS production. (D) Amino-oligosaccharide treatment induces specific upregulation of CAT expression through a phosphorylated protein cascade reaction. The high expression of CAT inhibits the production of H2O2, which ultimately leads to the elimination of harmful effects such as reactive oxygen species and the development of a stress tolerance response, resulting in increased plant resistance.
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