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. 2023 Feb 21;28(5):2020.
doi: 10.3390/molecules28052020.

Fabrication and Evaluation of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Corn Starch/Patchouli Oil Hydrogel Films Loaded with Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized in Pogostemon cablin Benth Leaves' Extract

Khairan Khairan  1   2   3   4   5 , Miftahul Hasan  1 , Rinaldi Idroes  1   2   3 , Muhammad Diah  6   7
Affiliations

Fabrication and Evaluation of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Corn Starch/Patchouli Oil Hydrogel Films Loaded with Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized in Pogostemon cablin Benth Leaves' Extract

Khairan Khairan et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Research on the manufacture of hydrogel films from polyvinyl alcohol, corn starch, patchouli oil, and silver nanoparticles, (PVA/CS/PO/AgNPs, respectively) was completed. The silver nanoparticles used in this study resulted from green synthesis using local patchouli plants (Pogostemon cablin Benth). Aqueous patchouli leaf extract (APLE) and methanol patchouli leaf extract (MPLE) are used in the synthesis of phytochemicals (green synthesis), which are then blended in the production of PVA/CS/PO/AgNPs hydrogel films, which are then cross linked with glutaraldehyde. The results demonstrated that the hydrogel film was flexible, easy to fold, and free of holes and air bubbles. The presence of hydrogen bonds between the functional groups of PVA, CS, and PO was revealed using FTIR spectroscopy. SEM analysis revealed that the hydrogel film was slightly agglomerated and did not exhibit cracking or pinholes. The analysis of pH, spreadability, gel fraction, and swelling index showed that the resulting PVA/CS/PO/AgNP hydrogel films met expected standards except for the organoleptic properties of the resulting colors, which tended to be slightly darker in color. The formula with silver nanoparticles synthesized in methanolic of patchouli leaf extract (AgMENPs) had the highest thermal stability compared to hydrogel films with silver nanoparticles synthesized in aqueous of patchouli leaf extract (AgAENPs). The hydrogel films can be safely used up to 200 °C. The antibacterial studies revealed that the films inhibited the growth of both Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis, as determined by the disc diffusion method, with the best antibacterial activity being against Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion, the hydrogel film F1, loaded with silver nanoparticles biosynthesized in aqueous of patchouli leave extract (AgAENPs) and light fraction of patchouli oil (LFoPO) performed the best activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis.

Keywords: Pogostemon cablin Benth; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus epidermis; hydrogel films; silver nanoparticles.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A) Aqueous patchouli leaves extract (APLE) and methanolic patchouli leaves extract (MPLE); (B) High fraction of patchouli oil (HFoPO) and light fraction of patchouli oil (LFoPO); (C) silver nanoparticles synthesized in methanolic of patchouli leave extract (AgAENPs); and (D) silver nanoparticles synthesized in aqueous of patchouli leave extract (AgMENPs).
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) FT-IR analysis of APLE and MPLE; (B) FT-IR analysis of AgAENPs and AgMENPs; (C) Spectrum UV-Vis analysis of AgAENPs and AgMENPs; (D) XRD analysis of AgAENPs and AgMENPs.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The GC-MS spectrum; (A) aqueous patchouli leaves extract (APLE), and (B) methanolic patchouli leaves extract (MPLE).
Figure 4
Figure 4
The GC-MS spectrum of patchouli oil; (A) High fraction of patchouli oil (HFoPO) and (B) Light fraction of patchouli oil (LFoPO).
Figure 5
Figure 5
SEM analysis of AgAENPs and AgMENPs resulting from the green synthesis.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Organoleptic properties of polyvinyl alcohol/cornstarch/patchouli oil/hydrogel films loaded with silver nanoparticles.
Figure 7
Figure 7
SEM analysis of Polyvinyl alcohol/Corn starch/Patchouli oil Hydrogel films (A) loaded with silver nanoparticles (F0; F1; F2; F3; and F4); (B) Dried hydrogel; (C) Dried hydrogel soaked with water, and (D) Dried hydrogel soaked with phosphate buffer.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Analysis of FT-IR of Polyvinyl alcohol/Corn starch/Patchouli oil/Hydrogel films loaded with silver nanoparticles (F0; F1; F2; F3; and F4).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Analysis of TGA and DTA of Polyvinyl alcohol/Corn starch/Patchouli oil/Hydrogel films loaded with silver nanoparticles (F0; F1; F2; F3; and F4).
Figure 10
Figure 10
Antimicrobial activity test of hydrogel film preparation against S. aureus and S. epidermidis.
Figure 11
Figure 11
The SEM-EDX analysis of F1.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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