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. 2023 Feb 24;12(5):1043.
doi: 10.3390/plants12051043.

Effects of Piper nigrum L. Fruit Essential Oil Toxicity against Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae)

Thekhawet Weluwanarak  1 , Tanasak Changbunjong  1   2 , Arpron Leesombun  2 , Sookruetai Boonmasawai  2 , Sivapong Sungpradit  2
Affiliations

Effects of Piper nigrum L. Fruit Essential Oil Toxicity against Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae)

Thekhawet Weluwanarak et al. Plants (Basel). .

Abstract

The efficacy of Piper nigrum L. fruit essential oil (EO) against Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly), a blood-feeding fly distributed worldwide, was investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal activity of EO based on contact and fumigant toxicity tests. Chemical analysis of the EO using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that sabinene (24.41%), limonene (23.80%), β-caryophyllene (18.52%), and α-pinene (10.59%) were the major components. The results demonstrated that fly mortality increased with increasing EO concentration and time during the first 24 h of exposure. The median lethal dose was 78.37 µg/fly for contact toxicity, while the 90% lethal dose was 556.28 µg/fly. The median lethal concentration during fumigant toxicity testing was 13.72 mg/L air, and the 90% lethal concentration was 45.63 mg/L air. Our findings suggested that essential oil extracted from P. nigrum fruit could be a potential natural insecticidal agent for control of stable fly. To examine the insecticidal properties of P. nigrum fruit EO, further field trials and investigation into the efficacy of nano-formulations are required.

Keywords: Piper nigrum; contact toxicity; fly vector; fumigant toxicity; insecticide; stable flies.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry chromatogram of Piper nigrum L. essential oil. The major peaks were α-pinene, sabinene, limonene, and β-caryophyllene, respectively.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Piper nigrum L. fruit used in this study.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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